Keywords
Paraquat
Oxidative stress
Antioxidant response
Heterobranchus bidorsalis
Oxidative stress
Antioxidant response
Heterobranchus bidorsalis
Abstract
The study assessed oxidative stress and antioxidant response parameters in the liver, kidney and gills of the Giant African catfish; Heterobranchus bidorsalis. Fish were exposed to different Paraquat concentrations of 0.0mg L-1, 0.69mg L-1, 1.37mg L-1 and 2.75mg L-1 for 28 days. Oxidative stress (Lipid peroxidation) was measured as malondialdehyde (MDA). Antioxidant response was measured as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GH-Px). The herbicide stress caused significant (P<0.05) increase in the MDA, SOD and CAT activity in all the organs examined except in the kidney in which the CAT was significantly decreased. The GH-Px activity, decreased in these organs and the changes in all these parameters were concentration dependent. These parameters significantly differ from the control (0.0mg L-1) with no paraquat concentration. The study suggests that Paraquat induces oxidative stress in exposed fishes. This antioxidant response has the potential to serve as a biomarker for the monitoring of bipyridyl herbicides in aquatic environments.
References
Ada, F. B., Ekpenyong, E. and Ayotunde, E. O. (2012). Haematological, biological and behavioural changes in Oreochromis niloticus (Linne 1757) juveniles exposed to Paraquat herbicide. Journal of Enviromental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, 4: 64- 74.
Abdelkhalek, N.K.M., Ghazy, E.W. and Abdel- Dain, M.M. (2015). Pharmacodynamics interaction of Spirulia platensis and Deltamethrin in Freshwater Fish Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus: Impact on lipid peroxidation and Oxidative Stress. Enviromental Science and Pollution Research, 22: 3023-3031.
Abdulkareem, S.I. and Owolabi, D.O. (2014). Toxicity of sub-lethal concentrations of Monocrotophos (MCP) on the haematological, biochemical and growth responses of hybrid catfish, Heteroclarias and contaminated –Heteroclarias fed rats. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 3(6): 917-931.
Achuba, F.I., Ebokaiwe, P. and Peretiemo-Clarke, B.O. (2014). Effect of environmental pollution on oxidative stress in catfish (Clarias heterobranchus). International Journal of Enviromental Monitoring and Analysis, 2(6): 297-301.
Ahmad, I., Hamid, T., Fatima, M., Chand, H.S., Jain, S.K., Athar, M. and Raisuddin, S. (2000). Induction of hepatic antioxidants in freshwater catfish (Channa punctatus) as biomarker of paper mill effluent exposure. Biochemical and Biophysics Acta, 1519: 37 – 48.
Alzbeta, S., Anotonin, K. and Josef, V. (2014). Effect of chronic exposure to Prometryne on oxidative stress and antioxidant response in red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkia). Bio Med Research Int., http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/680131.
Anonymous, (1988). Summary of toxicity studies in Paraquat. Pesticide. Science, 13: 157-162.
Bailey,G. S., Williams, D.E. and Hendrick, J. D. (1996). Fish model for environmental carcinogenesis: the rainbow trout. Environmental Health Perspective, 104(1): 5-21.
Clairborne, A. (1995). Activity in: Handbook of methods for oxygen radical Research. CRC Press, Florida.
Di Giulio, R.T. and Meyer, J. N. (2008). Reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress. In: Di Giulio, RT, Hinton DE, (editors). The toxicology of fishes. Boca Raton: CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group. 273-324.
Doyotte, A., Cossu, C., Jacquin, M.C., Babut, M. and Vasseur, P. (1997). Antioxidant enzymes, glutathione and lipid peroxidation as relevant biomarkers of experimental or field exposure in the gills and digestive gland of the freshwater bivalve Unio tumidus. Aquatic Toxicolology, 19: 137-161.
Dugje, I.Y., Ekeleme, F., Kamara, A.Y., Omoigui, L.O., Gbani, A., Teli, A.Y. and Onyibe, J. E. (2008). Guide to safe and effective use of pesticides for crop production in Borno State, Nigeria. IITA, 23Pp.
Durackova, Z. (2014). “Free radicals and antioxidants for non-experts,” In Systems Biology of Free radicals and Antioxidants, Springer, Berlin, Germany. 3-38.
Edori, O. S., Edori, E. S. and Okpara, K. E. (2013). Chronic toxicity of Paraquat on liver and Gill electrolyte in the catfish Clarias gariepinus. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 7:1-4.
Eisler, R. (1990). Paraquat hazards to fish, wildlife and invertebrates: A synoptic review. Biological Reports, 85:1-38.
Elia, A.C., Waller, W.T. and Norton, S. J. (2002). Biochemical response of the bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) to atrazine induced oxidative stress. Bulletin of Environmental Contaminant Toxicology. 68:809- 816.
Farombi, E.O., Ajimoko, Y.R and Adelowo, O.A. (2008). Effect of butachlor on antioxidant enzyme status and lipid peroxidation in freshwater African catfish, (Clarias gariepinus). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 5:423- 427.
Figueiredo- Fernanades, A., Fontainhas-Fernandes, A., Peixoto, F., Rocha, E. and Reis-Henriques M. A. (2006). Effects of gender and temperature on oxidative stress enzymes in Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus exposed to Paraquat. Pesticide and Biochemical Physiology; 85: 97-103.
Govindassamy, P., Suganthy, O.M., Kalaiselvi, A. and Ramalingam, V. (2013). Time dependent variations of antioxidant enzymes activities in different organs of Freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio exposed to synthethic pyrethroids, Cypermethrin. American Journal of Pharmtech Research, 3(4):713-724.
Gabryelaic, T. and Klekot, J. (1985). The effects of Paraquat on the peroxide metabolic enzymes in erythrocytes of freshwater fish species, Compedium of Biochemical and Physiology, 81C:415-481.
Halliwell, B. (2011). “Free radical and antioxidants-quo vadis?” Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 32 (3):125-130
Hamed, H. S. (2015). Impact of a short –Term Malathion exposure of Nile Tilapia, (Oreochromis niloticus): The protective role of Selenium. International Journal of Environmental monitoring and Analysis, 8: 30- 37.
Heba, S. A., (2016). Ameliorative effects of Spirulina platensis on Deltamethrin- induced biochemical alterations and oxidative stress in the African catfish; Clarias gariepinus. Open Journal of Marine Science, 6:1-10.
Ikpesu, T.O. (2013). Recovery mechanism in fishes with references to recuperation of haematological parameters in Clarias gariepinus abberated by herbicide; paraquat dichloride. Bulletin of Pharmaceutical and Medical Sciences 1(1): 27-35.
Isik, L. and Celik, L. (2008). Acute effects of methyl parathion and diazinon as inducers for oxidative stress on certain biomarkers in various tissues of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Pesticide and Biochem Physiology, 92: 38-42.
Kadry, S.M., Marzouk, M.S., Amer, A.M., Hanna, M.I., Azmy, A.H. and Hamed, H.S. (2012). Vitamin E as antioxidant in Female African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) exposed to chronic toxicity of Atrazine. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, 16: 83-98.
Kappus, H and Sies, H. (1981). Toxic drug effects associated with oxygen metabolism, redox cycling and lipid peroxidation. Experientia, (37):1233-1241.
Kumar, K. and Saradhamani, N. (2004). Effect of insecticide, AVAUNT, on glycogen content of the freshwater fish, Cirrhinus mrigala. Nature and Enviromental Pollution Technical. 3(4): 515- 518.
Kori-Siakpere, O., Adamu, K. and Okeneburche. J. (2007). Sublethal effects of paraquat on some plasma organic constituents of African catfish; Clarias gariepinus. International Journal of Zoological Research, 3:213-212.
Lushchak, V.I., Bagnyukova, T.V., Huska, V.V., Luzhna, L.I., Lushchak, O.V. and Storey, K. B. (2005). Hyperoxia results in transient oxidative stress and an adaptive response by antioxidant enzymes in gold tissues, International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell biology, 37(8): 1670-1680.
Martinez-Alvarez, R. M., Morales, A.E. and Sanz, A. (2005). Antioxidant defences in fish: biotics and abiotic factors, Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 15(2):75-88.
Misra, H.P. and Fridovich, J. (1972). The role of superoxide dismutase anion in the antioxidant of epinephrine and a simple assay for superoxide dismutase. Journal of Biology and Chemistry, 27 (4): 221-226.
Moyer, J. R. and Lindwall, S. (1985). Persistence and availability of paraquat on Lethbridge clay loam soil. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 65: 523-529.
Munkittriak, K.R., McMaster, M. E., Van Deer Kraak, G. J., Portt, C., Gibbons, W, N., Fawell, A. and Gary, M. (2000). Development of methods for effects driven cumulative effects assessment using fish pollutions. Moose River Project. Published by the society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC), 256Pp.
Niwa, T., Doi, U., Kato, Y and Osawa, T., (2001). Anti-oxidant properties of phenol antioxidants isolate from corn steep liquor. J. Agric. Food. Chem, 49:177-182.
Nwani, C.D., Ekwueme H.I., Ejere, V.C., Onyeke, C.C., Chukwuka, C.O., Peace, O.N. and Nwadinigwe, A.O. (2015). Physiological effects of Paraquat in juvenile African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). Journal of Coastal Life Medicine, 3(1):35-43.
Ogamba, E.N, Inyang, I.R. and Azuma, I.K. (2011). Effect of paraquat dichloride on some metabolic and enzyme parameters of Clarias gariepinus. Curr. Res. J. Bio. Sci, 3:186- 190.
Oladosu, G. A., Ayinla, O. A., Adeyemo, A.A., Yakubu, A. F. and Ajani, A. A. (1993). A comparative study of the reproductive capacity of the catfish species; Heterobranchus bidorsalis, Clarias gariepinus and their hybrid Heteroclarias. ARAC Technical Paper, 92:1-5.
Oropesa, A.L., Garcia-Cambero, J.P. and Soler, F. (2009). Glutathione and malondialdehyde levels in common carp after exposure to Simazine. Environmental and Toxicology Pharmacology, 23: 48-55.
Paglia, D.E. and Valentine, W.N. (1967). Studies on the quantitative and qualitative characterization of Erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, 70: 158-169.
Pimentel, D. and Levitan, L.C. (1986). Pesticides, amount applied and amount reaching pests, often, less than 0.1% of pesticides applied to crop reach target pests. Bioscience, 36(2): 86-91.
Sayeed, I., Parvez, S., Pandey, S., Bin-Hafeez, B., Haque, R and Raisudddin, S. (2003). Oxidative stress biomarkers of exposure to deltamethrin in freshwater fish, Channa punctatus, Bloch. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 20:295-302.
Stephensen, E., Svavarsson, J., Sturve, J., Ericon, G., Adolfson- Erici, M and Forlin, L. (2000). Biochemical indicators of pollution exposure in shorthorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus Scorpius) caught in four harbours on the south-west coast of Iceland. Aquatic Toxicology, 48: 431- 442.
Summers, L.A. (1980). The bipyridinium herbicides. Academic Press London. Tortorelli, M. C., Hernandez, D.A., Rey Vazquez, G. and Salibian, A. (1990). Effect of Paraquat on mortality and cardiorespiratory function of catfish fry Plecostomus commersoni. Archives of Environmental Contaminants and Toxicology, 19: 523-529.
Valvanidis, A., Vlahogianni, T., Dassenaku, M. and Scoullos, M. (2006). Molecular biomarkers of oxidative stress in aquatic organisms in relation to toxic environmental pollutants. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 64(2):178- 189.
Vlahogiana, D. and Valavandis, A. (2007). Heavy-metal effects in lipid peroxidation and anti-oxidantdefence enzymes in mussels, Maximus gallo provincialis; Chemistry and Ecology, 23 (5):361- 371.
Abdelkhalek, N.K.M., Ghazy, E.W. and Abdel- Dain, M.M. (2015). Pharmacodynamics interaction of Spirulia platensis and Deltamethrin in Freshwater Fish Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus: Impact on lipid peroxidation and Oxidative Stress. Enviromental Science and Pollution Research, 22: 3023-3031.
Abdulkareem, S.I. and Owolabi, D.O. (2014). Toxicity of sub-lethal concentrations of Monocrotophos (MCP) on the haematological, biochemical and growth responses of hybrid catfish, Heteroclarias and contaminated –Heteroclarias fed rats. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 3(6): 917-931.
Achuba, F.I., Ebokaiwe, P. and Peretiemo-Clarke, B.O. (2014). Effect of environmental pollution on oxidative stress in catfish (Clarias heterobranchus). International Journal of Enviromental Monitoring and Analysis, 2(6): 297-301.
Ahmad, I., Hamid, T., Fatima, M., Chand, H.S., Jain, S.K., Athar, M. and Raisuddin, S. (2000). Induction of hepatic antioxidants in freshwater catfish (Channa punctatus) as biomarker of paper mill effluent exposure. Biochemical and Biophysics Acta, 1519: 37 – 48.
Alzbeta, S., Anotonin, K. and Josef, V. (2014). Effect of chronic exposure to Prometryne on oxidative stress and antioxidant response in red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkia). Bio Med Research Int., http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/680131.
Anonymous, (1988). Summary of toxicity studies in Paraquat. Pesticide. Science, 13: 157-162.
Bailey,G. S., Williams, D.E. and Hendrick, J. D. (1996). Fish model for environmental carcinogenesis: the rainbow trout. Environmental Health Perspective, 104(1): 5-21.
Clairborne, A. (1995). Activity in: Handbook of methods for oxygen radical Research. CRC Press, Florida.
Di Giulio, R.T. and Meyer, J. N. (2008). Reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress. In: Di Giulio, RT, Hinton DE, (editors). The toxicology of fishes. Boca Raton: CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group. 273-324.
Doyotte, A., Cossu, C., Jacquin, M.C., Babut, M. and Vasseur, P. (1997). Antioxidant enzymes, glutathione and lipid peroxidation as relevant biomarkers of experimental or field exposure in the gills and digestive gland of the freshwater bivalve Unio tumidus. Aquatic Toxicolology, 19: 137-161.
Dugje, I.Y., Ekeleme, F., Kamara, A.Y., Omoigui, L.O., Gbani, A., Teli, A.Y. and Onyibe, J. E. (2008). Guide to safe and effective use of pesticides for crop production in Borno State, Nigeria. IITA, 23Pp.
Durackova, Z. (2014). “Free radicals and antioxidants for non-experts,” In Systems Biology of Free radicals and Antioxidants, Springer, Berlin, Germany. 3-38.
Edori, O. S., Edori, E. S. and Okpara, K. E. (2013). Chronic toxicity of Paraquat on liver and Gill electrolyte in the catfish Clarias gariepinus. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 7:1-4.
Eisler, R. (1990). Paraquat hazards to fish, wildlife and invertebrates: A synoptic review. Biological Reports, 85:1-38.
Elia, A.C., Waller, W.T. and Norton, S. J. (2002). Biochemical response of the bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) to atrazine induced oxidative stress. Bulletin of Environmental Contaminant Toxicology. 68:809- 816.
Farombi, E.O., Ajimoko, Y.R and Adelowo, O.A. (2008). Effect of butachlor on antioxidant enzyme status and lipid peroxidation in freshwater African catfish, (Clarias gariepinus). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 5:423- 427.
Figueiredo- Fernanades, A., Fontainhas-Fernandes, A., Peixoto, F., Rocha, E. and Reis-Henriques M. A. (2006). Effects of gender and temperature on oxidative stress enzymes in Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus exposed to Paraquat. Pesticide and Biochemical Physiology; 85: 97-103.
Govindassamy, P., Suganthy, O.M., Kalaiselvi, A. and Ramalingam, V. (2013). Time dependent variations of antioxidant enzymes activities in different organs of Freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio exposed to synthethic pyrethroids, Cypermethrin. American Journal of Pharmtech Research, 3(4):713-724.
Gabryelaic, T. and Klekot, J. (1985). The effects of Paraquat on the peroxide metabolic enzymes in erythrocytes of freshwater fish species, Compedium of Biochemical and Physiology, 81C:415-481.
Halliwell, B. (2011). “Free radical and antioxidants-quo vadis?” Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 32 (3):125-130
Hamed, H. S. (2015). Impact of a short –Term Malathion exposure of Nile Tilapia, (Oreochromis niloticus): The protective role of Selenium. International Journal of Environmental monitoring and Analysis, 8: 30- 37.
Heba, S. A., (2016). Ameliorative effects of Spirulina platensis on Deltamethrin- induced biochemical alterations and oxidative stress in the African catfish; Clarias gariepinus. Open Journal of Marine Science, 6:1-10.
Ikpesu, T.O. (2013). Recovery mechanism in fishes with references to recuperation of haematological parameters in Clarias gariepinus abberated by herbicide; paraquat dichloride. Bulletin of Pharmaceutical and Medical Sciences 1(1): 27-35.
Isik, L. and Celik, L. (2008). Acute effects of methyl parathion and diazinon as inducers for oxidative stress on certain biomarkers in various tissues of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Pesticide and Biochem Physiology, 92: 38-42.
Kadry, S.M., Marzouk, M.S., Amer, A.M., Hanna, M.I., Azmy, A.H. and Hamed, H.S. (2012). Vitamin E as antioxidant in Female African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) exposed to chronic toxicity of Atrazine. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, 16: 83-98.
Kappus, H and Sies, H. (1981). Toxic drug effects associated with oxygen metabolism, redox cycling and lipid peroxidation. Experientia, (37):1233-1241.
Kumar, K. and Saradhamani, N. (2004). Effect of insecticide, AVAUNT, on glycogen content of the freshwater fish, Cirrhinus mrigala. Nature and Enviromental Pollution Technical. 3(4): 515- 518.
Kori-Siakpere, O., Adamu, K. and Okeneburche. J. (2007). Sublethal effects of paraquat on some plasma organic constituents of African catfish; Clarias gariepinus. International Journal of Zoological Research, 3:213-212.
Lushchak, V.I., Bagnyukova, T.V., Huska, V.V., Luzhna, L.I., Lushchak, O.V. and Storey, K. B. (2005). Hyperoxia results in transient oxidative stress and an adaptive response by antioxidant enzymes in gold tissues, International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell biology, 37(8): 1670-1680.
Martinez-Alvarez, R. M., Morales, A.E. and Sanz, A. (2005). Antioxidant defences in fish: biotics and abiotic factors, Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 15(2):75-88.
Misra, H.P. and Fridovich, J. (1972). The role of superoxide dismutase anion in the antioxidant of epinephrine and a simple assay for superoxide dismutase. Journal of Biology and Chemistry, 27 (4): 221-226.
Moyer, J. R. and Lindwall, S. (1985). Persistence and availability of paraquat on Lethbridge clay loam soil. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 65: 523-529.
Munkittriak, K.R., McMaster, M. E., Van Deer Kraak, G. J., Portt, C., Gibbons, W, N., Fawell, A. and Gary, M. (2000). Development of methods for effects driven cumulative effects assessment using fish pollutions. Moose River Project. Published by the society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC), 256Pp.
Niwa, T., Doi, U., Kato, Y and Osawa, T., (2001). Anti-oxidant properties of phenol antioxidants isolate from corn steep liquor. J. Agric. Food. Chem, 49:177-182.
Nwani, C.D., Ekwueme H.I., Ejere, V.C., Onyeke, C.C., Chukwuka, C.O., Peace, O.N. and Nwadinigwe, A.O. (2015). Physiological effects of Paraquat in juvenile African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). Journal of Coastal Life Medicine, 3(1):35-43.
Ogamba, E.N, Inyang, I.R. and Azuma, I.K. (2011). Effect of paraquat dichloride on some metabolic and enzyme parameters of Clarias gariepinus. Curr. Res. J. Bio. Sci, 3:186- 190.
Oladosu, G. A., Ayinla, O. A., Adeyemo, A.A., Yakubu, A. F. and Ajani, A. A. (1993). A comparative study of the reproductive capacity of the catfish species; Heterobranchus bidorsalis, Clarias gariepinus and their hybrid Heteroclarias. ARAC Technical Paper, 92:1-5.
Oropesa, A.L., Garcia-Cambero, J.P. and Soler, F. (2009). Glutathione and malondialdehyde levels in common carp after exposure to Simazine. Environmental and Toxicology Pharmacology, 23: 48-55.
Paglia, D.E. and Valentine, W.N. (1967). Studies on the quantitative and qualitative characterization of Erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, 70: 158-169.
Pimentel, D. and Levitan, L.C. (1986). Pesticides, amount applied and amount reaching pests, often, less than 0.1% of pesticides applied to crop reach target pests. Bioscience, 36(2): 86-91.
Sayeed, I., Parvez, S., Pandey, S., Bin-Hafeez, B., Haque, R and Raisudddin, S. (2003). Oxidative stress biomarkers of exposure to deltamethrin in freshwater fish, Channa punctatus, Bloch. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 20:295-302.
Stephensen, E., Svavarsson, J., Sturve, J., Ericon, G., Adolfson- Erici, M and Forlin, L. (2000). Biochemical indicators of pollution exposure in shorthorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus Scorpius) caught in four harbours on the south-west coast of Iceland. Aquatic Toxicology, 48: 431- 442.
Summers, L.A. (1980). The bipyridinium herbicides. Academic Press London. Tortorelli, M. C., Hernandez, D.A., Rey Vazquez, G. and Salibian, A. (1990). Effect of Paraquat on mortality and cardiorespiratory function of catfish fry Plecostomus commersoni. Archives of Environmental Contaminants and Toxicology, 19: 523-529.
Valvanidis, A., Vlahogianni, T., Dassenaku, M. and Scoullos, M. (2006). Molecular biomarkers of oxidative stress in aquatic organisms in relation to toxic environmental pollutants. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 64(2):178- 189.
Vlahogiana, D. and Valavandis, A. (2007). Heavy-metal effects in lipid peroxidation and anti-oxidantdefence enzymes in mussels, Maximus gallo provincialis; Chemistry and Ecology, 23 (5):361- 371.