Keywords
Clarias gariepinus
Clinical response
Lead acetate
96- hr LC50
Clinical response
Lead acetate
96- hr LC50
Abstract
This study investigated the acute toxicity of lead acetate on Clarias gariepinus under laboratory conditions. Two hundred (200) Clarias gariepinus (185 ± 5 g weight and 27-36 cm length) were purchased from a commercial fish farm in Zaria. The fish were transported to the laboratory in a well-aerated 50-liter Jerrican half-cut with water. The fish were allowed to acclimatize for 14 days, during which they were fed commercial feed (42.0% crude protein) twice daily. A preliminary toxicity range-finding test was carried out using 20 fish. The outcome obtained from the range-finding test provided a guide for the acute toxicity study. The acute toxicity test was carried out using six of 10 fish per group in triplicate via static no-renewable bioassay procedure in 40-liter aquariums (76 cm × 38 cm × 38 cm) per group. The various concentrations of lead acetate used were G1 (0 mg/L), G2 (140 mg/l), G3 (145 mg/l), G4 (150 mg/l), G5 (155 mg/l) and G6 (160 mg/l) for 96-hour period. The fish samples exhibited varying behavioral and physical changes which range from erratic swimming, off-feeding, frequent gasping for air at the surface of the aquarium, skin discoloration, and eventual death. The vigor and severity of these features were time and concentration-dependent. The result showed that 96hours LC50 of Clarias gariepinus was 150.7mg/L. This indicates that a larger quantity of lead acetate is needed to cause mortality in the fish and is less harmful at lower concentrations.
References
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Abdel-Warith, A.A., Younis, E.M., Al-Asgah, N., Ebaid, H. & Elsayed, E.A. (2020). Lead Nitrate Induced Histopathological Alterations in the Liver and Intestine of African Catfish Clarias gariepinus Exposed to Sub-Lethal Concentrations. Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 79: 552-557.
Abdullah, S., Javad, M. & Javid, A. (2007). Studies on Acute Toxicology of Metals to the Fish Labeo rohita. International Journals of Agricultural Biosciences 9: 333-337.
Al-Balawi, H.F.A., Al-Akel, A.S., Al-Misned, F., Suliman, E.M., Al-Ghanim, K.A., Mahboob, S. & Ahmad, A. (2020). Effects of Sub-Lethal Exposure of Lead Acetate on Histopathology of Gills, Liver, Kidney and Muscle and its Accumulation in these Organs of Clarias gariepinus. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 56(2), 293-302.
Arya, P.D., Joseph, M.L. and Angel, M.L. (2018). Determination of LC50 of lead acetate for fish Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters). International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies 6(6), 180-182.
Dauda, J., Abdulsalam, H., Bello, A.M., Audu, Y., Tijjani, A.A., Wakawa, A.M. & Bolorunduro, P.I. (2023). Some Haemo-biochemical Changes Induced by Gastrointestinal Parasites of Cultured and Wild African Catfish in Zaria, Kaduna, Nigeria. Arid Zone Journal of Basic and Applied Research 2(1),138-145.
De Graaf, J.G., Galemoni, F. & Banzoussi, B. (1996). Recruitment control of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, by the African catfish, C. gariepinus. Aquaculture Research, 30: 25-36.
Deforest, D.K., Brix, K.V. & William, J.A. (2007). Assessing Metal Bioaccumulation in Aquatic Environments. The Inverse Relationship Between Bioaccumulation Factors, Trophic Transfer Factors, and Exposure Concentration. Aquatic Toxicology 84: 236-246.
Dougherty, C.P., Henricks, H.S., Reinert, I.C., Panyacosit, L., Axerald, D.A. & Woodruff, T.J. (2000). Dietary Exposures to Food Contaminants Across the United States. Environmental Research 84: 70-185.
Dutta, B., Sarma, S.R. & Deka, P. (2015). Lead Nitrate Toxicity on Hematological Changes in A Live Fish Species Channa punctatus (Bloch). International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies 3(2): 196-198.
Eaton, A.D., Clesceri, L.S., Greenberg, A.E. & Franson, M.A.H. (2005). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water. 19 ed. The American Public Health Association (APHA) Washington, 2005.
Elarabany, N. & Bahnasawy, M.M. (2019). Comparative and Interactive Biochemical Effects of Sub-Lethal Concentrations of Cadmium and Lead on Some Tissues of the African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Toxicological Research 35(3), 249-255.
Enegide, C., Arome, D. & Solomon, A. (2013). A New Method for Determining Acute Toxicity In Animal Models. Toxicology International 20(3): 224-226.
Ezua, E.T. & Akaahan, T. J. (2017). Toxic Stress Exhibited by Juveniles of Clarias gariepinus Exposed to Different Concentrations of Lead. Journal of Research in Environmental Science and Toxicology 6(1), 008-011.
FAO (2012). The State of The World Fisheries and Aquaculture. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, FAO, Rome, 2012. p. 56
Gabriel, U.U., Akinrotimi, O.A., Bekibele, D.O., Onunkwo, D.N. & Anyanwu, P.E. (2007). Locally Produced Fish Feed: Potentials for Aquaculture Development in Sub-Saharan Africa. African Journal of Agricultural Research 2(7), 287- 295.
Goodwin, T.H., Young, A.R., Holmes, M.G.R, Old, G.H., Hewitt, N. & Leeks, G. (2003). The Temporal And Spatial Variability of Sediment Transport and Yields within the Bradford Beck Catchment, West Yorkshire. Science of Total Environment 314: 475-494.
Ikeogu, C.F. (2020). Therapeutic Effect of L-Ascorbic Acid on Lead Nitrate Induced Pathology in Some Organs of the African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Ph.D Thesis. Biological Science Department, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Nigeria. p. 143.
Imam, B.F., Noor, M.S, Abd-Almotalib, J.A. & Ali, J.S. (2015). Monitoring the Effect of Lead Acetate on Histopathological Changes in Barbus sharpeyi. American Journal of Applied Scientific Research 1(2), 10-17.
Islam, M.A., Amin, S.M.N., Brown, C.L., Juraimi, A.S., Uddin, M.K. & Arshad, A. (2021). Determination of Median Lethal Concentration (LC50) for Endosulfan, Heptachlor, and Dieldrin Pesticides to African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus and Their Impact on Its Behavioral Patterns and Histopathological Responses. Toxics 9(340), 1-17.
Jenkins, J.A., Bart, H.L., Bowker, J.D., Bowser, P.R., MacMillan, J.R. & Nickum, J.G. (2014). Guidelines for Use of Fishes in Research – Revised and Expanded, 2014. Fisheries 39(9), 415–6.
Kim, H., Mahboob, S., Viayaraghavan, P., Al-Ghanim, K.A., Al-Misned, F., Kim, Y.O. & Ahmed, Z. (2020). Determination of Toxic Effects of Lead Acetate on Different Sizes of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) in soft and hard water. Journal of King Saud University – Science, 32: 1390-1394.
Labonne, M., Basin, S., Othman, D. & Luck, J. (2001). Lead Isotopes in Muscels as Tracers of Metal Sources and Water Movements in a Lagoon (Thau Basin, S. France), Chemical Geology 181(14), 181-191.
Latif, A., Alim Sayyed, A.H., Igbal, F., Usman, K., Rauf, M. & Kaose.r, R. (2013). Effect of copper sulphate and lead nitrate administered alone or in combination, on the histology of liver and kidney of Labeo rohita. Pakistan Journal of Zoology 45(4), 913-920.
Mager, E.M. (2011). Effects of Acute and Chronic Waterborne Lead Exposure on the Swimming Performance and Aerobic Scope of Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Toxicology and Pharmacology 154: 7-13.
Markus, J. & McBratney, A.B. (2001). A review of the contamination of soil with lead II. Spatial distribution and risk assessment/smelt of soil lead. Environment International 27: 399-411.
Martinez, C.B.R., Nagae, M.Y., Zaia, C.T.B.V. & Zaia, D.A.M. (2004). Acute Morphological and Physiological Effects of Lead in the Neotropical Fish Prochilodus lineatus. Brazilian Journal of Biology 64:797- 807.
Mirhashemi, S.M., Moshtaghie, A.A., Ani, M. & Aarabi, M.H. (2010). Lead Toxicity on Kinetic Behaviors of High and Low Molecular Weight Alkaline Phosphatase Isoenzymes of Rat, in vivo and in vitro Studies. Journal of Biological Science 10: 341-347.
Nnaji, J.C., Uzairu, A., Harrison, G.F.S. & Balarabe, M.L. (2007). Evaluation of Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Lead, and Zinc Concentrations in the Fish Head/Viscera of Oreochromis niloticus and Synodontis schall of river Galma, Zaria, Nigeria. Electronic Journal of Environmental agriculture and Food Chemistry 6(10), 2420-2426.
Nordberg, G.F., Fowler, B.A., Nordberg, M. & Friberg, L. (2007). Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals. (3rd eds.), Academic press, Amesterdam, 599-643.
Oluwatosin, E. A., Aladesanmi, O.T., Kosemani, O.E. & Adewusi, O.A. (2018). Effects of Lead Chloride on Growth Performance of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell,1822). International Journal of Bioassays 7(5), 5638- 5644.
Osman, A., Wuertz, S., Mekkawy, I., Exner, H. & Kirschbaum, F. (2007). Lead Induced Malformations in Embryos of the African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). Environmental Toxicology 22(4), 375-389.
Otitoloju, A.A. & Don-Pedro, K.N. (2001). Influence of Joint Application Of Heavy Metals On Level of Each Metal Accumulated in Periwinkle Tympanotonus fuscatus (Gastropoda Potmididae). Revista de Biologia Tropica 54(3), 803-814.
Puvaneswari, S. & Mohanambal, R. (2013). Bioaccumulation of Lead in Various Tissues of the Freshwater Fish, Catla catla (HAMILTON, 1822). International Journal of Development Research 3(8), 054-060.
Rainbow, P.S. & Dallinger, R. (1993). Metal Uptake Regulation and Excretion In Freshwater Invertebrate. In: Ecotoxicology of Metals in Invertebrates (ed) P.S. Rainbow and R. Dallinger Lenis publishers, 119-131.
Rauf, A., Javed, M. & Ubaidullah, M. (2009). Heavy metal levels in three major carps (Catla catla, Labeo rohita, and Cirrhina mrigala) from the river Ravi, Pakistan. Pakistan Veterinary Journal 29: 24-26.
Samuel, P.O., Okoye, L.C., Abiola, P.O., Arimoro F.O. & Auta, Y.I. (2018). Acute Toxicity Assessment of Lead Nitrate on Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies 6(2), 459-462
Shah, S.L. (2005). Effects of Heavy Metal Accumulation on the 96-h LC50 Values in Tench Tinca tinca L., 1758. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science 29: 139-144.
Singh, B.O. & Manjeet, K. (2015). Determination of LC50 of Lead Nitrate for A Fish, Labeo rohita (Hamilton- Buchanan). International Research Journal of Biological Sciences 4(8), 23-26.
Srivastav A.K., Rai, R., Suzuki, N., Mishra, D. & Srivastav, S.K. (2013). Effects of Lead on the Plasma Electrolytes of a Freshwater Fish, Heteropneustes fossilis. International Aquatic Research 5(4), 1-7.
Tawari–Fufeyin, P., Igetei, J. & Okoidigun, M. E. (2008). Changes in the Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) exposed to Acute Cadmium and Lead Poisoning. Bioscience Research Communications 20(5), 271-276.
Tingman, W., Jian, Z. & Xiaoshuan, Z. (2010). Fish Product Quality Evaluation Based on Temperature Monitoring in Cold Chain. African Journal of Biotechnology 9: 6146- 6151.
Venkateswarlu, V. & Venkatrayulu, C. (2020). Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metal Lead (Pb) in Different Tissues of Brackish Water Fish Mugil cephalus (Linnaeus, 1758). Journal of Applied Biology and Biotechnology 8(02), 1-5.
Abdel-Warith, A.A., Younis, E.M., Al-Asgah, N., Ebaid, H. & Elsayed, E.A. (2020). Lead Nitrate Induced Histopathological Alterations in the Liver and Intestine of African Catfish Clarias gariepinus Exposed to Sub-Lethal Concentrations. Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 79: 552-557.
Abdullah, S., Javad, M. & Javid, A. (2007). Studies on Acute Toxicology of Metals to the Fish Labeo rohita. International Journals of Agricultural Biosciences 9: 333-337.
Al-Balawi, H.F.A., Al-Akel, A.S., Al-Misned, F., Suliman, E.M., Al-Ghanim, K.A., Mahboob, S. & Ahmad, A. (2020). Effects of Sub-Lethal Exposure of Lead Acetate on Histopathology of Gills, Liver, Kidney and Muscle and its Accumulation in these Organs of Clarias gariepinus. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 56(2), 293-302.
Arya, P.D., Joseph, M.L. and Angel, M.L. (2018). Determination of LC50 of lead acetate for fish Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters). International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies 6(6), 180-182.
Dauda, J., Abdulsalam, H., Bello, A.M., Audu, Y., Tijjani, A.A., Wakawa, A.M. & Bolorunduro, P.I. (2023). Some Haemo-biochemical Changes Induced by Gastrointestinal Parasites of Cultured and Wild African Catfish in Zaria, Kaduna, Nigeria. Arid Zone Journal of Basic and Applied Research 2(1),138-145.
De Graaf, J.G., Galemoni, F. & Banzoussi, B. (1996). Recruitment control of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, by the African catfish, C. gariepinus. Aquaculture Research, 30: 25-36.
Deforest, D.K., Brix, K.V. & William, J.A. (2007). Assessing Metal Bioaccumulation in Aquatic Environments. The Inverse Relationship Between Bioaccumulation Factors, Trophic Transfer Factors, and Exposure Concentration. Aquatic Toxicology 84: 236-246.
Dougherty, C.P., Henricks, H.S., Reinert, I.C., Panyacosit, L., Axerald, D.A. & Woodruff, T.J. (2000). Dietary Exposures to Food Contaminants Across the United States. Environmental Research 84: 70-185.
Dutta, B., Sarma, S.R. & Deka, P. (2015). Lead Nitrate Toxicity on Hematological Changes in A Live Fish Species Channa punctatus (Bloch). International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies 3(2): 196-198.
Eaton, A.D., Clesceri, L.S., Greenberg, A.E. & Franson, M.A.H. (2005). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water. 19 ed. The American Public Health Association (APHA) Washington, 2005.
Elarabany, N. & Bahnasawy, M.M. (2019). Comparative and Interactive Biochemical Effects of Sub-Lethal Concentrations of Cadmium and Lead on Some Tissues of the African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Toxicological Research 35(3), 249-255.
Enegide, C., Arome, D. & Solomon, A. (2013). A New Method for Determining Acute Toxicity In Animal Models. Toxicology International 20(3): 224-226.
Ezua, E.T. & Akaahan, T. J. (2017). Toxic Stress Exhibited by Juveniles of Clarias gariepinus Exposed to Different Concentrations of Lead. Journal of Research in Environmental Science and Toxicology 6(1), 008-011.
FAO (2012). The State of The World Fisheries and Aquaculture. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, FAO, Rome, 2012. p. 56
Gabriel, U.U., Akinrotimi, O.A., Bekibele, D.O., Onunkwo, D.N. & Anyanwu, P.E. (2007). Locally Produced Fish Feed: Potentials for Aquaculture Development in Sub-Saharan Africa. African Journal of Agricultural Research 2(7), 287- 295.
Goodwin, T.H., Young, A.R., Holmes, M.G.R, Old, G.H., Hewitt, N. & Leeks, G. (2003). The Temporal And Spatial Variability of Sediment Transport and Yields within the Bradford Beck Catchment, West Yorkshire. Science of Total Environment 314: 475-494.
Ikeogu, C.F. (2020). Therapeutic Effect of L-Ascorbic Acid on Lead Nitrate Induced Pathology in Some Organs of the African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Ph.D Thesis. Biological Science Department, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Nigeria. p. 143.
Imam, B.F., Noor, M.S, Abd-Almotalib, J.A. & Ali, J.S. (2015). Monitoring the Effect of Lead Acetate on Histopathological Changes in Barbus sharpeyi. American Journal of Applied Scientific Research 1(2), 10-17.
Islam, M.A., Amin, S.M.N., Brown, C.L., Juraimi, A.S., Uddin, M.K. & Arshad, A. (2021). Determination of Median Lethal Concentration (LC50) for Endosulfan, Heptachlor, and Dieldrin Pesticides to African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus and Their Impact on Its Behavioral Patterns and Histopathological Responses. Toxics 9(340), 1-17.
Jenkins, J.A., Bart, H.L., Bowker, J.D., Bowser, P.R., MacMillan, J.R. & Nickum, J.G. (2014). Guidelines for Use of Fishes in Research – Revised and Expanded, 2014. Fisheries 39(9), 415–6.
Kim, H., Mahboob, S., Viayaraghavan, P., Al-Ghanim, K.A., Al-Misned, F., Kim, Y.O. & Ahmed, Z. (2020). Determination of Toxic Effects of Lead Acetate on Different Sizes of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) in soft and hard water. Journal of King Saud University – Science, 32: 1390-1394.
Labonne, M., Basin, S., Othman, D. & Luck, J. (2001). Lead Isotopes in Muscels as Tracers of Metal Sources and Water Movements in a Lagoon (Thau Basin, S. France), Chemical Geology 181(14), 181-191.
Latif, A., Alim Sayyed, A.H., Igbal, F., Usman, K., Rauf, M. & Kaose.r, R. (2013). Effect of copper sulphate and lead nitrate administered alone or in combination, on the histology of liver and kidney of Labeo rohita. Pakistan Journal of Zoology 45(4), 913-920.
Mager, E.M. (2011). Effects of Acute and Chronic Waterborne Lead Exposure on the Swimming Performance and Aerobic Scope of Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Toxicology and Pharmacology 154: 7-13.
Markus, J. & McBratney, A.B. (2001). A review of the contamination of soil with lead II. Spatial distribution and risk assessment/smelt of soil lead. Environment International 27: 399-411.
Martinez, C.B.R., Nagae, M.Y., Zaia, C.T.B.V. & Zaia, D.A.M. (2004). Acute Morphological and Physiological Effects of Lead in the Neotropical Fish Prochilodus lineatus. Brazilian Journal of Biology 64:797- 807.
Mirhashemi, S.M., Moshtaghie, A.A., Ani, M. & Aarabi, M.H. (2010). Lead Toxicity on Kinetic Behaviors of High and Low Molecular Weight Alkaline Phosphatase Isoenzymes of Rat, in vivo and in vitro Studies. Journal of Biological Science 10: 341-347.
Nnaji, J.C., Uzairu, A., Harrison, G.F.S. & Balarabe, M.L. (2007). Evaluation of Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Lead, and Zinc Concentrations in the Fish Head/Viscera of Oreochromis niloticus and Synodontis schall of river Galma, Zaria, Nigeria. Electronic Journal of Environmental agriculture and Food Chemistry 6(10), 2420-2426.
Nordberg, G.F., Fowler, B.A., Nordberg, M. & Friberg, L. (2007). Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals. (3rd eds.), Academic press, Amesterdam, 599-643.
Oluwatosin, E. A., Aladesanmi, O.T., Kosemani, O.E. & Adewusi, O.A. (2018). Effects of Lead Chloride on Growth Performance of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell,1822). International Journal of Bioassays 7(5), 5638- 5644.
Osman, A., Wuertz, S., Mekkawy, I., Exner, H. & Kirschbaum, F. (2007). Lead Induced Malformations in Embryos of the African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). Environmental Toxicology 22(4), 375-389.
Otitoloju, A.A. & Don-Pedro, K.N. (2001). Influence of Joint Application Of Heavy Metals On Level of Each Metal Accumulated in Periwinkle Tympanotonus fuscatus (Gastropoda Potmididae). Revista de Biologia Tropica 54(3), 803-814.
Puvaneswari, S. & Mohanambal, R. (2013). Bioaccumulation of Lead in Various Tissues of the Freshwater Fish, Catla catla (HAMILTON, 1822). International Journal of Development Research 3(8), 054-060.
Rainbow, P.S. & Dallinger, R. (1993). Metal Uptake Regulation and Excretion In Freshwater Invertebrate. In: Ecotoxicology of Metals in Invertebrates (ed) P.S. Rainbow and R. Dallinger Lenis publishers, 119-131.
Rauf, A., Javed, M. & Ubaidullah, M. (2009). Heavy metal levels in three major carps (Catla catla, Labeo rohita, and Cirrhina mrigala) from the river Ravi, Pakistan. Pakistan Veterinary Journal 29: 24-26.
Samuel, P.O., Okoye, L.C., Abiola, P.O., Arimoro F.O. & Auta, Y.I. (2018). Acute Toxicity Assessment of Lead Nitrate on Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies 6(2), 459-462
Shah, S.L. (2005). Effects of Heavy Metal Accumulation on the 96-h LC50 Values in Tench Tinca tinca L., 1758. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science 29: 139-144.
Singh, B.O. & Manjeet, K. (2015). Determination of LC50 of Lead Nitrate for A Fish, Labeo rohita (Hamilton- Buchanan). International Research Journal of Biological Sciences 4(8), 23-26.
Srivastav A.K., Rai, R., Suzuki, N., Mishra, D. & Srivastav, S.K. (2013). Effects of Lead on the Plasma Electrolytes of a Freshwater Fish, Heteropneustes fossilis. International Aquatic Research 5(4), 1-7.
Tawari–Fufeyin, P., Igetei, J. & Okoidigun, M. E. (2008). Changes in the Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) exposed to Acute Cadmium and Lead Poisoning. Bioscience Research Communications 20(5), 271-276.
Tingman, W., Jian, Z. & Xiaoshuan, Z. (2010). Fish Product Quality Evaluation Based on Temperature Monitoring in Cold Chain. African Journal of Biotechnology 9: 6146- 6151.
Venkateswarlu, V. & Venkatrayulu, C. (2020). Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metal Lead (Pb) in Different Tissues of Brackish Water Fish Mugil cephalus (Linnaeus, 1758). Journal of Applied Biology and Biotechnology 8(02), 1-5.