Keywords
Helminth parasites
Prevalence
Lower River Benue
Procamallanus sp.
Prevalence
Lower River Benue
Procamallanus sp.
Abstract
A survey of helminth parasites of commonly caught fish species along Lower River Benue, Wadata, Benue State was conducted using standard parasitological methods. One hundred and eighty-eight (188) host samples consisting of 22 Synodontis budgetti, 17 Alestes nurse, 30 Labeo coubie, 27 Coptodon zilli, 21 Citharinus citharus, 39 Clarias gariepinus, and 32 Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus were collected from fishermen and transported on ice to the biological laboratory for analysis. The result showed that out of the 188 host samples, 98 were infected with an overall prevalence of 52.13%. The highest (81.82%) parasitic prevalence was recorded in 22 infected S. budgetti while the least (29.41%) was recorded in 5 infected A. nurse. Out of the 52.13% prevalence from the 98 infected samples, the highest (13.83%) prevalence was recorded for Procamallanus sp. the lowest (0.53%) prevalence was recorded in Diphylobothrium latum. Also, while the highest (6.75) mean intensity was observed in Acanthocephalus sp, the lowest (1.75) mean intensity was noticed in Proteocephalus sp. The intestine had the highest (43.32%) parasite load among the infected parts. However, the lowest (24.91%) parasite load was recorded on the gills (67 were Clinostomum sp and Diphylobothrium latum were only 6). The length group of 20-30cm had the highest (15.96%) prevalence while the lowest (3.73%) prevalence was recorded for the length group of 40-50cm. However, larger-sized fish within the length groups of 20-30.0cm and above had a higher prevalence and number of parasites compared to the smaller-sized fish within the length group of 1.0-10cm.
References
Abd-ELrahman, S.M., Gareh, A., Mohamed, H.I., Alrashdi, B.M., Dyab, A.K., El-Khadragy, M.F., Khairy Elbarbary, N., Fouad, A.M., El-Gohary, F.A., Elmahallawy, E.K. (2023). Prevalence and Morphological Investigation of Parasitic Infection in Freshwater Fish (Nile Tilapia) from Upper Egypt. Animals 13(6), 2-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ani13061088.
Absalom, K.V., Makpo, J.K. & Mustapha, A.J. (2018). Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Helminth Parasites of Clarias gariepinus at River Gudi, Akwanga L.G.A. of Nasarawa State, Nigeria. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, 4(1): 9-15.
Afoemezie, P.I, Nwadike, C.C., Agbata, D.O., Okeke, J.J., Okeke, O.A., Nnatuanya, I.O., Udeh, N.P. & Irikannu, K.C. (2023). Ectoparasites and hastrointestinal Helminth of domestic pigeons in Awka, Southeastern Nigeria. The Bioscientist Journal, 11 (1): 1 – 7.
Afolabi, O.J., Olususi, F.C. & Odeyemi, O.O. (2020). Comparative study of African catfish Parasites from Cultured and Natural Habitats. Bulletin of the National Research Centre 44:163.
Onoja-Abutu, A. E., Okpanachi, M. A., Alkazmi, L., Yaro, C. A. & Batiha, G.E. (2021). Branchial Chamber and Gastrointestinal Tract Parasites of fish Species in Benue and Niger Rivers, North Central Nigeria. International Journal of Zoology, 1: 1-10. doi:10.1155/2021/6625332.
Ahtisham A., Shuai W., Adnan A., Imran K., Qinxiu S., Qiuyu X., Zefu W., Zongyuan H., Yang L., and Shucheng L. (2022). Research Progress on Nutritional Value, Preservation and Processing of Fish—A Review. Foods, 11(22),1-25. doi: 10.3390/foods11223669.
Akinsanya B, Otubanjo O.A. & Hassan A.A. (2007). Helminth Parasites of Malapterurus electricus Malapteruridae from Lekki Lagoon, Lagos, Nig. J. Am. Sci. 3 (3),1-5.
Akinsanya, B., Kuton & M.P. (2016). Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals and Parasitic Fauna in Synodontis clarias (Linnaeus, 1758) and Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus (Lacepede, 1803) from Lekki Lagoon, Lagos, Nigeria. Asian Pac J Trop Dis. 6 (8): 615-21.
Al-Bassel, D.A. (2003). A General Survey of the Helminth Parasites of FishfFrom Inland Waters in the Fayoum Governorate, Egypt. Parasitol. Res. 90:135–139.
Aloo P.A., (2002). A Comparative Study of Helminth Parasites from the Fish Tilapia zillii and Oreochromis leucostictus in Lake Naivasha and Oloidien Bay, Kenya. J. Helminthol. 76:95-102 https://doi.org/10.1079/JOH2001105.
Alvarez-Pellitero, P. (2008). Fish Immunity and Parasite Infection: from Innate Immunity to Immunoprophylatic Prospects. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 126: 171-198.
Alvarez-Pellitero, P. (2008). Fish Immunity and Parasite Infections: From Innate Immunity to Immunoprophylactic Prospects. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 126:171–198.
Amos, S.O., Eyiseh, T.E. & Michael, E.T. (2018). Parasitic Infection and Prevalence in Clarias gariepinus in Lake Gerio, Yola, Adamawa state. MOJ Anatomy and Physiology, 5 (6): 376-381.
Areda, T. A., Mitiku, M. A., Woldearegay, Y. H., Teklu, A. & Getachew, S. (2019). Prevalence of major parasites of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in Southwest Showa zone Selected Fish Farms, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 7 (3), 165-170.
Ashade O.O., Osineye O.M & Kumoye, E.A. (2013). Isolation, Identification and Prevalence Of Parasites on Oreochromis niloticus from three Selected River Systems. Journal Fisheries. Aquaculture Sciences 8:115-121.
Atalabi, T. E., Awharitoma, A. O. & Akinluyi, F. O. (2018). Prevalence, intensity, and exposed variables of infection with Acanthocephala parasites of the gastrointestinal tract of Coptodon zillii (Gervais, 1848) [Perciformes: Cichlidae] in Zobe Dam, Dutsin-Ma Local Government Area, Katsina State, Niger. The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology 79(1), 1-7.
Awosolu O.B., Simon-Oke I.A. & Oyelere A.A. (2018). Studies on the Prevalence and Distribution of Parasites of Tilapia Fish (Oreochromis niloticus) from Igbokoda River, Ondo State, Nigeria. Molecular Pathogens, 9 (1),1-4.
Ayawei, P.P., Imafidor, Helen O., Ansa, E.J. & Awi-Waadu, G.D.B. (2018). Comparative Analysis of Parasites of Clarias gariepinus in Relation to Vital Organs. NIWARD 2018 Conference Proceedings, 144-158.
Bichi, A. H & Ibrahim, A.A (2009). A Survey of Ecto and Intestinal Parasites of Tilapia zillii (Gervias) in Tiga Lake, kano, Northern Nigeria. Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 2 (1),79 – 82.
Calhoun, D.M., McDevitt-Galles, T. & Johnson, P.T. (2018). Parasites of Invasive Freshwater Fishes and the Factors Affecting Their Richness. Freshw. Sci. 37:134–146.
Chikwendu Ejere, V., Aguzie, O.I., Ivoke, N., Ekeh, F. N. Ezenwaji, N. E. Onoja, U.S. & Eyo, J.E. (2014). Parasitofauna of five freshwater fishes in a Nigerian Freshwater Ecosystem. Croat. J. Fish. Ribar. 72:17–24.
Ejere, V. C., Aguzie, O. I., Ivoke, N., Ekeh, F. N., Ezenwaji, N. E., Onoja, U. S. & Eyo, J. E. (2014). Parasitofauna of five freshwater fishes in a Nigerian FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEM. Croatian Journal of Fisheries 72(1), 17–24. https://doi.org/10.14798/72.1.682.
El Asely A.M., Abd El-Gawad E.A., Soror E.I., Amin A.A. & Shaheen A.A. (2015). Studies on some parasitic diseases in Oreochromis niloticus Fish Hatchery with Emphasis to Life Stages. J. Adv. Vet. Res., 5:99–108.
El-Bassel, HM, (2003). A General Survey of The Helminth Parasites of Fish from Inland Waters in the Fayoum Governorate, Egypt. Parasitol. Res. 90 (2),135-139.
Elseify, M., El Shihawy, I., Metwally, A. & Fawaz, M. (2015). Studies on Nematode Parasites Infecting Freshwater Fish in Qena Governorate. Kafrelsheikh. Vet. Med. J. 13:19–34.
El-Shahawy, I., El-Seify, M., Metwally, A. & Fwaz, M. (2017). Survey on Endoparasitic Fauna of Some Commercially Important Fishes of the River Nile, Southern of Egypt (Egypt). Rev. De Med. Vet. 168: 126–134.
Emere, M.C. & Egbe, N.E. (2006) Protozoan parasites of Synodontis clarias (A freshwater fish) in River Kaduna. BEST J. 3 (3):58–64.
Enyidi, U. & Uwanna, P. (2019). Parasites of African Catfish Clarias gariepinus and Oreochromis niloticus Polycultured in Earthen Ponds. Aquaculture Studies, 19 (2): 81-89.
Ezenwaka, C. O. & Living-Jamala, U. (2024). A Survey of endo-parasite and blood parasite of Synodontis schall (Bloch and Schneider, 1801) from Otuogori River in Ogbia, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Fudma Journal of Sciences (FJS). 8 (1),1-5.
Gebreegziabher, H., Degefu, H. & Tsegay, A.K. (2020). Prevalence of internal helminth parasites of fish in Gilgel-Gibe River and Three Selected Ponds in and around Jimma Town, South West Ethiopia. Turk. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 20: 693–699.
Goselle, N., Shir, G.I., Udeh, E.O., Abelau, M. and Imandeh, G.N. (2008). Helminth parasites of Clarias gariepinus and Tilapia zillii at Lamingo dam, Jos, Nigeria. Science World Journal 3(4),23-28.
Hefnawy, Y., Ahmed, H. Dyab, A. Abdel-Aziz, A. &Boules, M. (2019). Fish as a Potential Source of Parasites of Public Health Importance in El-Minia Governorate, Egypt. PSM Microbiol 4:44–52.
Iboh, C.I. & Ajang, R.O. (2016). Helminths Parasitic Infection of Clarias gariepinus from Great Kwa River, Cross River State, Nigeria. European Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research, 3(12),101-105.
Iman T. S & Dewu R. A (2010): Survey of Piscine Ecto and Intestinal Parasitic of Clarias species sold at Galadina Road Fish Market, Kano metropolis, Nigeria. Biological Sciences. 22 (4), 2-29.
Iwar, R.T., Utsev, J.T. and Hassan, M. (2021). Assessment of heavy metal and physico chemical pollution loadings of River Benue water at Makurdi using water quality index (WQI) and multivariate statistics. Applied Water Science 11(7),124.
Kawe, S.M., God'spower, R.O., Balarabe, M.R. & Akaniru, R.I. (2016). Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminth parasites of Clarias gariepinus in Abuja, Nigeria. Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Science, 14 (2), 26-33.
Mathison BA, Mehta N, Couturier MR. (2021). Human Acanthocephaliasis: A Thorn in the Side of Parasite Diagnostics. J Clin Microbiol. 59(11): e02691-20. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM .02691-20.
Oghenochuko M.O., Ezeri, G.N.O., Takeet M. I., Adeosun F.I., Disu I. & Ogbia, C. F. (2020). Endo and Ecto parasite Prevalence and abundance in some fish species from Akomoje, Ogun River South-West Nigeria. Malaysian Journal of Science 39 (3), 1-16.
Okita, F.O., Obadiah, H.I., Umele, U.F. & Orhembega, I.T. (2020). A Survey of Gastrointestinal Helminth Parasites of Some Fresh Water Fish Species Sold in Makurdi - Benue State, Nigeria. Nigerian Annals of Pure and Applied Sciences, 3: 90-96.
Okoye, U.O., Ndupuh, E.E. & Adeleye, S.A. (2016). A Survey on Endo-parasites of Clarias gariepinus in some selected fish farms in Owerri West Local Government Area of Imo State, Nigeria. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 4 (5),624-631.
Olaosebikan, B.D. & A. Raji, (1998). Field Guide to Nigerian Freshwater Fishes. Federal College of Freshwater Fisheries Technology, New Bussa, Nigeria, p.110.
Omeji, S., R.A. Obande & O.B. Kwaghvihi (2023). Studies on the prevalence, intensity and Impact 0f Some Water Quality Parameters on Parasites of Coptodon zilli. Nigerian Journal of Fisheries 20(2), 2700-2707.
Omeji, S., Solomon, S. G. & Idoga, E. S. (2011). A Comparative Study of The Common Protozoan Parasites of Clarias gariepinus from the Wild and Cultured Environments in Benue State, Nigeria. Journal of Parasitology Research. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/916489.
Pouder, D.B., Curtiss, E.W. & Yanong, R.P.E. (2005). Common Fresh Water Parasites. Pictorial Crude Edis. (Online). Hit://edis.Ifas.ufl.edus.
S. Omeji, U. J. Jackson & Surma, K. S. (2022). Morphometric Indices and Parasitic Incidence of Synodontis nigrita from Lower River Benue, Makurdi, Nigeria. Asian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Research Volume 22 (6), 14-25.
Solomon, S.G., Omeji, S. K. & Attai, S. A.F. (2018). Endoparasitic Helminths of Bagrus bayad from lower river Benue Makurdi, Nigeria. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Research. 50-53.
Trang, H. N., Pierre, D., Thanh, T.G.N. & Veronique, D. (2021). Parasites and Wildlife. International Journal for Parasitology. 14: 13-32.
Absalom, K.V., Makpo, J.K. & Mustapha, A.J. (2018). Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Helminth Parasites of Clarias gariepinus at River Gudi, Akwanga L.G.A. of Nasarawa State, Nigeria. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, 4(1): 9-15.
Afoemezie, P.I, Nwadike, C.C., Agbata, D.O., Okeke, J.J., Okeke, O.A., Nnatuanya, I.O., Udeh, N.P. & Irikannu, K.C. (2023). Ectoparasites and hastrointestinal Helminth of domestic pigeons in Awka, Southeastern Nigeria. The Bioscientist Journal, 11 (1): 1 – 7.
Afolabi, O.J., Olususi, F.C. & Odeyemi, O.O. (2020). Comparative study of African catfish Parasites from Cultured and Natural Habitats. Bulletin of the National Research Centre 44:163.
Onoja-Abutu, A. E., Okpanachi, M. A., Alkazmi, L., Yaro, C. A. & Batiha, G.E. (2021). Branchial Chamber and Gastrointestinal Tract Parasites of fish Species in Benue and Niger Rivers, North Central Nigeria. International Journal of Zoology, 1: 1-10. doi:10.1155/2021/6625332.
Ahtisham A., Shuai W., Adnan A., Imran K., Qinxiu S., Qiuyu X., Zefu W., Zongyuan H., Yang L., and Shucheng L. (2022). Research Progress on Nutritional Value, Preservation and Processing of Fish—A Review. Foods, 11(22),1-25. doi: 10.3390/foods11223669.
Akinsanya B, Otubanjo O.A. & Hassan A.A. (2007). Helminth Parasites of Malapterurus electricus Malapteruridae from Lekki Lagoon, Lagos, Nig. J. Am. Sci. 3 (3),1-5.
Akinsanya, B., Kuton & M.P. (2016). Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals and Parasitic Fauna in Synodontis clarias (Linnaeus, 1758) and Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus (Lacepede, 1803) from Lekki Lagoon, Lagos, Nigeria. Asian Pac J Trop Dis. 6 (8): 615-21.
Al-Bassel, D.A. (2003). A General Survey of the Helminth Parasites of FishfFrom Inland Waters in the Fayoum Governorate, Egypt. Parasitol. Res. 90:135–139.
Aloo P.A., (2002). A Comparative Study of Helminth Parasites from the Fish Tilapia zillii and Oreochromis leucostictus in Lake Naivasha and Oloidien Bay, Kenya. J. Helminthol. 76:95-102 https://doi.org/10.1079/JOH2001105.
Alvarez-Pellitero, P. (2008). Fish Immunity and Parasite Infection: from Innate Immunity to Immunoprophylatic Prospects. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 126: 171-198.
Alvarez-Pellitero, P. (2008). Fish Immunity and Parasite Infections: From Innate Immunity to Immunoprophylactic Prospects. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 126:171–198.
Amos, S.O., Eyiseh, T.E. & Michael, E.T. (2018). Parasitic Infection and Prevalence in Clarias gariepinus in Lake Gerio, Yola, Adamawa state. MOJ Anatomy and Physiology, 5 (6): 376-381.
Areda, T. A., Mitiku, M. A., Woldearegay, Y. H., Teklu, A. & Getachew, S. (2019). Prevalence of major parasites of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in Southwest Showa zone Selected Fish Farms, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 7 (3), 165-170.
Ashade O.O., Osineye O.M & Kumoye, E.A. (2013). Isolation, Identification and Prevalence Of Parasites on Oreochromis niloticus from three Selected River Systems. Journal Fisheries. Aquaculture Sciences 8:115-121.
Atalabi, T. E., Awharitoma, A. O. & Akinluyi, F. O. (2018). Prevalence, intensity, and exposed variables of infection with Acanthocephala parasites of the gastrointestinal tract of Coptodon zillii (Gervais, 1848) [Perciformes: Cichlidae] in Zobe Dam, Dutsin-Ma Local Government Area, Katsina State, Niger. The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology 79(1), 1-7.
Awosolu O.B., Simon-Oke I.A. & Oyelere A.A. (2018). Studies on the Prevalence and Distribution of Parasites of Tilapia Fish (Oreochromis niloticus) from Igbokoda River, Ondo State, Nigeria. Molecular Pathogens, 9 (1),1-4.
Ayawei, P.P., Imafidor, Helen O., Ansa, E.J. & Awi-Waadu, G.D.B. (2018). Comparative Analysis of Parasites of Clarias gariepinus in Relation to Vital Organs. NIWARD 2018 Conference Proceedings, 144-158.
Bichi, A. H & Ibrahim, A.A (2009). A Survey of Ecto and Intestinal Parasites of Tilapia zillii (Gervias) in Tiga Lake, kano, Northern Nigeria. Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 2 (1),79 – 82.
Calhoun, D.M., McDevitt-Galles, T. & Johnson, P.T. (2018). Parasites of Invasive Freshwater Fishes and the Factors Affecting Their Richness. Freshw. Sci. 37:134–146.
Chikwendu Ejere, V., Aguzie, O.I., Ivoke, N., Ekeh, F. N. Ezenwaji, N. E. Onoja, U.S. & Eyo, J.E. (2014). Parasitofauna of five freshwater fishes in a Nigerian Freshwater Ecosystem. Croat. J. Fish. Ribar. 72:17–24.
Ejere, V. C., Aguzie, O. I., Ivoke, N., Ekeh, F. N., Ezenwaji, N. E., Onoja, U. S. & Eyo, J. E. (2014). Parasitofauna of five freshwater fishes in a Nigerian FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEM. Croatian Journal of Fisheries 72(1), 17–24. https://doi.org/10.14798/72.1.682.
El Asely A.M., Abd El-Gawad E.A., Soror E.I., Amin A.A. & Shaheen A.A. (2015). Studies on some parasitic diseases in Oreochromis niloticus Fish Hatchery with Emphasis to Life Stages. J. Adv. Vet. Res., 5:99–108.
El-Bassel, HM, (2003). A General Survey of The Helminth Parasites of Fish from Inland Waters in the Fayoum Governorate, Egypt. Parasitol. Res. 90 (2),135-139.
Elseify, M., El Shihawy, I., Metwally, A. & Fawaz, M. (2015). Studies on Nematode Parasites Infecting Freshwater Fish in Qena Governorate. Kafrelsheikh. Vet. Med. J. 13:19–34.
El-Shahawy, I., El-Seify, M., Metwally, A. & Fwaz, M. (2017). Survey on Endoparasitic Fauna of Some Commercially Important Fishes of the River Nile, Southern of Egypt (Egypt). Rev. De Med. Vet. 168: 126–134.
Emere, M.C. & Egbe, N.E. (2006) Protozoan parasites of Synodontis clarias (A freshwater fish) in River Kaduna. BEST J. 3 (3):58–64.
Enyidi, U. & Uwanna, P. (2019). Parasites of African Catfish Clarias gariepinus and Oreochromis niloticus Polycultured in Earthen Ponds. Aquaculture Studies, 19 (2): 81-89.
Ezenwaka, C. O. & Living-Jamala, U. (2024). A Survey of endo-parasite and blood parasite of Synodontis schall (Bloch and Schneider, 1801) from Otuogori River in Ogbia, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Fudma Journal of Sciences (FJS). 8 (1),1-5.
Gebreegziabher, H., Degefu, H. & Tsegay, A.K. (2020). Prevalence of internal helminth parasites of fish in Gilgel-Gibe River and Three Selected Ponds in and around Jimma Town, South West Ethiopia. Turk. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 20: 693–699.
Goselle, N., Shir, G.I., Udeh, E.O., Abelau, M. and Imandeh, G.N. (2008). Helminth parasites of Clarias gariepinus and Tilapia zillii at Lamingo dam, Jos, Nigeria. Science World Journal 3(4),23-28.
Hefnawy, Y., Ahmed, H. Dyab, A. Abdel-Aziz, A. &Boules, M. (2019). Fish as a Potential Source of Parasites of Public Health Importance in El-Minia Governorate, Egypt. PSM Microbiol 4:44–52.
Iboh, C.I. & Ajang, R.O. (2016). Helminths Parasitic Infection of Clarias gariepinus from Great Kwa River, Cross River State, Nigeria. European Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research, 3(12),101-105.
Iman T. S & Dewu R. A (2010): Survey of Piscine Ecto and Intestinal Parasitic of Clarias species sold at Galadina Road Fish Market, Kano metropolis, Nigeria. Biological Sciences. 22 (4), 2-29.
Iwar, R.T., Utsev, J.T. and Hassan, M. (2021). Assessment of heavy metal and physico chemical pollution loadings of River Benue water at Makurdi using water quality index (WQI) and multivariate statistics. Applied Water Science 11(7),124.
Kawe, S.M., God'spower, R.O., Balarabe, M.R. & Akaniru, R.I. (2016). Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminth parasites of Clarias gariepinus in Abuja, Nigeria. Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Science, 14 (2), 26-33.
Mathison BA, Mehta N, Couturier MR. (2021). Human Acanthocephaliasis: A Thorn in the Side of Parasite Diagnostics. J Clin Microbiol. 59(11): e02691-20. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM .02691-20.
Oghenochuko M.O., Ezeri, G.N.O., Takeet M. I., Adeosun F.I., Disu I. & Ogbia, C. F. (2020). Endo and Ecto parasite Prevalence and abundance in some fish species from Akomoje, Ogun River South-West Nigeria. Malaysian Journal of Science 39 (3), 1-16.
Okita, F.O., Obadiah, H.I., Umele, U.F. & Orhembega, I.T. (2020). A Survey of Gastrointestinal Helminth Parasites of Some Fresh Water Fish Species Sold in Makurdi - Benue State, Nigeria. Nigerian Annals of Pure and Applied Sciences, 3: 90-96.
Okoye, U.O., Ndupuh, E.E. & Adeleye, S.A. (2016). A Survey on Endo-parasites of Clarias gariepinus in some selected fish farms in Owerri West Local Government Area of Imo State, Nigeria. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 4 (5),624-631.
Olaosebikan, B.D. & A. Raji, (1998). Field Guide to Nigerian Freshwater Fishes. Federal College of Freshwater Fisheries Technology, New Bussa, Nigeria, p.110.
Omeji, S., R.A. Obande & O.B. Kwaghvihi (2023). Studies on the prevalence, intensity and Impact 0f Some Water Quality Parameters on Parasites of Coptodon zilli. Nigerian Journal of Fisheries 20(2), 2700-2707.
Omeji, S., Solomon, S. G. & Idoga, E. S. (2011). A Comparative Study of The Common Protozoan Parasites of Clarias gariepinus from the Wild and Cultured Environments in Benue State, Nigeria. Journal of Parasitology Research. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/916489.
Pouder, D.B., Curtiss, E.W. & Yanong, R.P.E. (2005). Common Fresh Water Parasites. Pictorial Crude Edis. (Online). Hit://edis.Ifas.ufl.edus.
S. Omeji, U. J. Jackson & Surma, K. S. (2022). Morphometric Indices and Parasitic Incidence of Synodontis nigrita from Lower River Benue, Makurdi, Nigeria. Asian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Research Volume 22 (6), 14-25.
Solomon, S.G., Omeji, S. K. & Attai, S. A.F. (2018). Endoparasitic Helminths of Bagrus bayad from lower river Benue Makurdi, Nigeria. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Research. 50-53.
Trang, H. N., Pierre, D., Thanh, T.G.N. & Veronique, D. (2021). Parasites and Wildlife. International Journal for Parasitology. 14: 13-32.