Keywords
Photoperiod Growth
Clarias gariepinus
Juveniles
semi-arid
Nigeria
Clarias gariepinus
Juveniles
semi-arid
Nigeria
Abstract
Twenty-seven juveniles of the African mud catfish, Clarias gariepinus, were reared in triplicate under three different photoperiods: 24 hours total darkness (00L: 24D), 6 hours light and 18 hours darkness (6L: 18D) and 12 hours light and 12 hours darkness (12D:12L) as control. The effects of light duration on the growth, body coloration, and feed conversion efficiency of the juveniles were investigated. The result showed significant (P <0.05) increases in body weight, specific growth rate, and food conversion efficiency in fish cultured under 00L: 24D, followed by 06L: 18D, while those under 12L: 12D (control group) showed the least growth increase. The high growth, increase recorded in the 00L:24D was attributed to better food conversion efficiency and the suppression of swimming activity, aggression, and stress in the dark. Visual observation of the skin coloration of
fish indicated that those subjected to photoperiod regime A (00L: 24D) were darker and black in appearance. Those subjected to photoperiod regime B (06L: 18D) had a lighter grey appearance, while in the case of photoperiod regime C (12L: 12D) had the normal dark grey coloration on the dorsal part with light grey scattered along the sides. The final mean body weight of the males was significantly different from that of the females in
the entire experimental period with the final mean body weight of 57.60±3.86g and 47.41±1.31g for the males and females respectively.
References
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Almazan-Rueda P., Van Helmond A.T.M., Verreth J.A.J. and Schrama J.W. (2005). Photoperiod affects growth, behavior and stress variables in Clarias gariepinus Journal Fish Biology 67: 1029-1039.
Anoop K. R., Sunder K. S. G., Khan B. A. and Lal, S. (2009). Common Moorhen Gallinu lachloropus in the diet of the African catfish Clarias gariepinus in Keoladeo Ghana National Park, India. Indian Birds 5(2):22-23.
Appelbaum, S. and Kamler, E. (2000). Survival, growth, metabolism and behaviour of ClariasI gariepinus (Burchell) early stages under different light conditions Aquaculture. England, 22:269-287.
Barahona-Fernandez, M. H. (1979). Effects of light intensity and photoperiod on the sea bass larvae, (Dicentrarchus labrase Linneanus) reared at the centreoceanotogigue de Bretagne, Aquaculture, and 17:311- 321.
Barlow, C. G., Pearce, M. A., Rodger, L. J. and Clayton, P. (1995). The effect of photoperiod on the growth, of survival and feeding period on larval and juvenile Baramundi lates calcarifer (Block) Aquaculture, 138:159-168.
Batty, R. (1987).The effects of light intensity on activity and food searching of larval herrings, Clupesherengus. Laboratory study marine Biology 94: 234-327.
Biswas, A. K. Endo M., and Tekeuchi, T. (2002). Effects of different photoperiod cycles on metabolic rate and energy loss of both fed and unfed young tilapia Oreochromis niloticus: part I Fisheries Science 68: 465- 477.
Biswas, A. K., Endo, M., and Takeuchi, T. (2005). Effects of different photoperiod cycles on metabolic rate and energy loss of both fed and unfed young tilapia Oreochromis niloticus: part II Fisheries Science 68: 543- 553.
Biswas, A. K. Morita, T., Yoshizaki, A., Maita, M., and Tekeuchi, T. (2005). Control of reproduction in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticusn (L.) by photoperiod manipulation. Aquaculture, 234: 229-239.
Blaxtar, J. (1986). Development of sense organs and behaviour of Teleosts larvae with special reference to feeding and predator avoidance. Annual larval fish conference, 115: 98-114.
Boehlert, G. W. (1981). The effect of photoperiod and temperature in laboratory growth of juveniles Deabastes diploprova and comparison with growth in field fish Biology 79 (4): 789- 79.
Boeuf, G. and Le Bail, P. Y. (1999). Does light have influence on fish growth? Aquaculture 177: 129 –152
Brown, M. E. (1946). The growth of brown trout (Salmon trutta L.) II. The growth of two year old trout at a constant temperature at 11.5oC Journal Experimental Biology. 22: 130- 144.
Chinen, A., Matsumoto, Y. and Kawamura, S. (2005). Spectral differentiation of blue opsins between phylogenetically close but ecological distant gold fish and Zebra fish Journal Biological Chemistry 280. 7460- 9466.
De Graaf, G. J. and Janssen, H. (1996). Artificial reproduction and pond rearing of the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus in sub-Sahara Africa. A hand book FAO fisheries technical paper No. 362. FAO Rome, Italy. 72Pp.
Downing, G. and Litvak, M. (1999).The influence of light intensity on growth of larval haddock North American Journal Aquaculture 61 : 135 – 140.
Dunhom, R., A., Majundar, K., Hallerman, E., Bartley, D., Mair, G., Hulata, A., Lui, Z., Pongthana, N.,Baka, J., Pennan, D., Gura, M., Ratalishbweg P., and Haestgenschwark, A. (2001). Review of the status of Aquaculture in the third millennium, Bangkok, Thailand NAGA, Bangkok and FAO Rome 20- 25
Feb. 2000, 137- 166.
Dunn, J. G. (2000) Clarias batracus (Linneanus 1958) A.K.A Walking catfish (U.S.A) Mungur (India) Sat (Malaysia) University of Texas at Austin Ichthyology zoo. 34c may, 1st 2000, 6Pp.
Duray, M. and Kohno, H. (1998). Effect of continuous lighting on growth and survival of first feeding larval Rabbit fish Signus guttatus .Aquaculture, 72:37- 79.
Duston, J., and Saundars, R. (1990). The entrainment role of photoperiod on hypoosmoregulatory and growth related aspects of smolting in Atlantic salmon (Salmon salar) Canada Journal 2001 68: 707-715.
Fagbenro, O.A., and Sydenham, D. H. J. (1988). Evaluation of Clarias gariepinus under semi-intensive management in ponds Aquaculture, 74:287-291.
FAO (2000) projected population and fish demand supply in Nigeria. Http: //www.FAO./filfp/NGA/body htm march 2000.
Faturanti, E. O. (1999) fisheries potential and investment opportunities in Nigeria. Paper presentation at the fisheries society for Nigeria (FISON) Investors workshop hold at NIOMR Lagos April, 22, 1999.
Fuchs, J. (1978). Influence de la photopériodes sur la croissances la survie de la larve et des juvéniles solos (soles soles) en elekaye. Aquaculture, 15:63- 47.
Gross W. L,. E. W. and Framm, P.O (1965): influence of photoperiod on growth of sunfish Lepomis cyonellus. Journal fisheries Resource Canada, 22: 379 – 1386.
Henne, J. P., and Watanabe, W. O. (2003). Effect of light intensity, salinity on growth, survival and whole body osmolarity of larval. Southern flounder Paralichtys letostigma. Journal world Aquaculture Sacrifice, 34: 450- 465.
Hisar, S.A., Kirim B., Bektas S., Altinkaynak K., Hisar O., and Yanik, T. (2005). Effect of photoperiodon plasma thyroxin hormone level of mirror carp (Cyprino carpio) raised at low water temperature in a controlled environment Israel Journal of Aquaculture Bamidgeh, 57:19-24.58
Hishaw, J .M. (1986). Factors affecting feeding, survival and growth of larval and early Juveniles yellow parch Perca flavescens mitchill. Discussion Abstract International B.Sc English. volume 47.North Carolina University U.S.A 93Pp.
Hugh, H. T. Colbert, N. E. and Stuiber, D.A. (1976). Effects of temperature and light on growth of yellow perch and wall eye using formulated feed. Transition American Fisheries Society 105: 254 –258.
Jentoft, S., Oxnevade, S., Aastvict A. H., and Anderson, O. (2006). Effect of tank wall colour and upwelling water flow no growth and survival of Eurasian perch larvae (Perca fluvaiatlis). Journal World Aquaculture Society, 37: 313 – 317.
Kiyono M., and Kohno, H. (1981) Effect of light on feeding and growth of black porgy Mylio macrocephalus (Basilewsky) post larvae and juveniles. Consultancy of International Exploitation Marketers, 178: 334-336
Kusmic, C. and Guslticri, P. (2000). Morphology and spectral sensitivities of photoreceptors in fresh water Teleost. Micro nutrient 31: 138 – 200.
Liu, F .G. Yang, S.D., and Chen, H. C. (1998) Effect of temperature on feed response, growth performance and muscle proximate composition in juvenile hybrid striped bass (Morone saxatililis x Morone chrysops) Israel Journal of Aquaculture Bamidgeh, 50:184-194.
Lungrish, C.E. (1980). Influence of photoperiod on growth, in Baltic salmon Parr (Salmon salar Linneanus) with special reference to effect on precocious sexual maturation. Canada journal. 2001, 58 : 940 - 944.
Neumeyer, C. (1992). Tetrachromatic colour vision in Goldfish evidence from colour mixture experiments. Journal Composition physiology Aquaculture, 171: 639 – 649.
Omotoyin, C. O., Ekunwe, P. A. and Achille, A. (2007). Profitability and viability of catfish farming in Kogi State, Nigeria•. Journal Agriculture and Biological Science 6 (3):215-219.
Peña, R. Dumas, S., Saldivar – Lucio, R., Garcia, G., Trasvina, A. and Hernandez – Ceballos, D. (2004). The effect of light intensity on first feeding of spotted sandbass Paralabra emaculatofasciatus (Steindachner) Larvae. Aquaculture Research, 35: 345 – 349.
Piennar A.G. and Britz P.J. (1992). Laboratory experiments on the effect of light and cover on the behavior and growth of African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Pisces: Claridae). Journal of Zoology 227: 43-62.
Pointer, M .A., Chang, C. H. C., Bowmaker, J. K., Parry, J. W. L., Soto, N., Jeffery, G. Purchase, C. F., Boyce, D. L., and Brown J. A., (2000). The growth and survival of juvenile yellow tail flounder (Placuronectes fererugineus stoner) under different photoperiods.
Puvanendran, V. and Brown, J. (2002). Foraging, growth, and survival of Atlantic cod larvae in different light intensities and photoperiod. Aquaculture, 214: 313 – 151.
Ranhmann, H., Jeserich G., and Zeutzius, I. (1979). Ontogeny of visual acuity of rainbow trout, under normal condition and light deprivation Behaviour. 68: 315 – 322.
Ruchin, A.B. (2004).Influence of colored light on the growth rate of juveniles of fish. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 30:175-178.
Silver, A. J. (1996). Growth of juvenile gilthead sea bream (Sparus auratus) Linneanus). Reared under different photoperiod regimes. Israelis Journal. Aquaculture. Bamidgeh.48: 84 – 93.
Skelton, P. (1983). A complete guide to the fresh water fishes of South Africa. Halfway house southern book publisher limited.
Strand, A., Magnhagen, C., and Alanara, A. (2007). Effect of repeated disturbance of feed intake growth rate and energy expenditures of juvenile perch, Perca fluviatilis. Aquaculture. 265: 163- 168.
Tandler, A. and Helps, S. (1985). The effects of photoperiods and water exchange on growth and survival of gilthead sea bream (Sparus auratus, Linneanus; Sparidae) from hatching to metamorphosis in mass rearing systems. Aquaculture, 48:718 – 82.
Teugels, G. G. (1986). A systematic revision of the African species of the genus (Clarias, Pisces, Claridae). Annual museum Resource. African Centre for Science and Zoology. 247:199Pp.
Tripple E. A. and Neil, S. R. E. (2002). Effect of photoperiod and light intensity on growth and activityof juvenile Haddocks (Melanogram musaegletius). Aquaculture, 217: 633 – 645.
World Bank (2005). The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development Saving Fishes and Fishers toward Sustainable and Equitable Governance of The Global Fishing Sector, 1818 16 Street. Washington D.C. www.worldbank.organization/ fish.
Zeutzuius, I., and Rahmann, H. (1984). Influence of dark-rearing on the ontogemic development of Sarotherodon mossambicus (Chichlidae, Teleostes). Effects of light, on body weight, body growth pattern, swimming activity and survival acuity. Experimental Biology, 43:77 – 85.
Almazan-Rueda P., Van Helmond A.T.M., Verreth J.A.J. and Schrama J.W. (2005). Photoperiod affects growth, behavior and stress variables in Clarias gariepinus Journal Fish Biology 67: 1029-1039.
Anoop K. R., Sunder K. S. G., Khan B. A. and Lal, S. (2009). Common Moorhen Gallinu lachloropus in the diet of the African catfish Clarias gariepinus in Keoladeo Ghana National Park, India. Indian Birds 5(2):22-23.
Appelbaum, S. and Kamler, E. (2000). Survival, growth, metabolism and behaviour of ClariasI gariepinus (Burchell) early stages under different light conditions Aquaculture. England, 22:269-287.
Barahona-Fernandez, M. H. (1979). Effects of light intensity and photoperiod on the sea bass larvae, (Dicentrarchus labrase Linneanus) reared at the centreoceanotogigue de Bretagne, Aquaculture, and 17:311- 321.
Barlow, C. G., Pearce, M. A., Rodger, L. J. and Clayton, P. (1995). The effect of photoperiod on the growth, of survival and feeding period on larval and juvenile Baramundi lates calcarifer (Block) Aquaculture, 138:159-168.
Batty, R. (1987).The effects of light intensity on activity and food searching of larval herrings, Clupesherengus. Laboratory study marine Biology 94: 234-327.
Biswas, A. K. Endo M., and Tekeuchi, T. (2002). Effects of different photoperiod cycles on metabolic rate and energy loss of both fed and unfed young tilapia Oreochromis niloticus: part I Fisheries Science 68: 465- 477.
Biswas, A. K., Endo, M., and Takeuchi, T. (2005). Effects of different photoperiod cycles on metabolic rate and energy loss of both fed and unfed young tilapia Oreochromis niloticus: part II Fisheries Science 68: 543- 553.
Biswas, A. K. Morita, T., Yoshizaki, A., Maita, M., and Tekeuchi, T. (2005). Control of reproduction in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticusn (L.) by photoperiod manipulation. Aquaculture, 234: 229-239.
Blaxtar, J. (1986). Development of sense organs and behaviour of Teleosts larvae with special reference to feeding and predator avoidance. Annual larval fish conference, 115: 98-114.
Boehlert, G. W. (1981). The effect of photoperiod and temperature in laboratory growth of juveniles Deabastes diploprova and comparison with growth in field fish Biology 79 (4): 789- 79.
Boeuf, G. and Le Bail, P. Y. (1999). Does light have influence on fish growth? Aquaculture 177: 129 –152
Brown, M. E. (1946). The growth of brown trout (Salmon trutta L.) II. The growth of two year old trout at a constant temperature at 11.5oC Journal Experimental Biology. 22: 130- 144.
Chinen, A., Matsumoto, Y. and Kawamura, S. (2005). Spectral differentiation of blue opsins between phylogenetically close but ecological distant gold fish and Zebra fish Journal Biological Chemistry 280. 7460- 9466.
De Graaf, G. J. and Janssen, H. (1996). Artificial reproduction and pond rearing of the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus in sub-Sahara Africa. A hand book FAO fisheries technical paper No. 362. FAO Rome, Italy. 72Pp.
Downing, G. and Litvak, M. (1999).The influence of light intensity on growth of larval haddock North American Journal Aquaculture 61 : 135 – 140.
Dunhom, R., A., Majundar, K., Hallerman, E., Bartley, D., Mair, G., Hulata, A., Lui, Z., Pongthana, N.,Baka, J., Pennan, D., Gura, M., Ratalishbweg P., and Haestgenschwark, A. (2001). Review of the status of Aquaculture in the third millennium, Bangkok, Thailand NAGA, Bangkok and FAO Rome 20- 25
Feb. 2000, 137- 166.
Dunn, J. G. (2000) Clarias batracus (Linneanus 1958) A.K.A Walking catfish (U.S.A) Mungur (India) Sat (Malaysia) University of Texas at Austin Ichthyology zoo. 34c may, 1st 2000, 6Pp.
Duray, M. and Kohno, H. (1998). Effect of continuous lighting on growth and survival of first feeding larval Rabbit fish Signus guttatus .Aquaculture, 72:37- 79.
Duston, J., and Saundars, R. (1990). The entrainment role of photoperiod on hypoosmoregulatory and growth related aspects of smolting in Atlantic salmon (Salmon salar) Canada Journal 2001 68: 707-715.
Fagbenro, O.A., and Sydenham, D. H. J. (1988). Evaluation of Clarias gariepinus under semi-intensive management in ponds Aquaculture, 74:287-291.
FAO (2000) projected population and fish demand supply in Nigeria. Http: //www.FAO./filfp/NGA/body htm march 2000.
Faturanti, E. O. (1999) fisheries potential and investment opportunities in Nigeria. Paper presentation at the fisheries society for Nigeria (FISON) Investors workshop hold at NIOMR Lagos April, 22, 1999.
Fuchs, J. (1978). Influence de la photopériodes sur la croissances la survie de la larve et des juvéniles solos (soles soles) en elekaye. Aquaculture, 15:63- 47.
Gross W. L,. E. W. and Framm, P.O (1965): influence of photoperiod on growth of sunfish Lepomis cyonellus. Journal fisheries Resource Canada, 22: 379 – 1386.
Henne, J. P., and Watanabe, W. O. (2003). Effect of light intensity, salinity on growth, survival and whole body osmolarity of larval. Southern flounder Paralichtys letostigma. Journal world Aquaculture Sacrifice, 34: 450- 465.
Hisar, S.A., Kirim B., Bektas S., Altinkaynak K., Hisar O., and Yanik, T. (2005). Effect of photoperiodon plasma thyroxin hormone level of mirror carp (Cyprino carpio) raised at low water temperature in a controlled environment Israel Journal of Aquaculture Bamidgeh, 57:19-24.58
Hishaw, J .M. (1986). Factors affecting feeding, survival and growth of larval and early Juveniles yellow parch Perca flavescens mitchill. Discussion Abstract International B.Sc English. volume 47.North Carolina University U.S.A 93Pp.
Hugh, H. T. Colbert, N. E. and Stuiber, D.A. (1976). Effects of temperature and light on growth of yellow perch and wall eye using formulated feed. Transition American Fisheries Society 105: 254 –258.
Jentoft, S., Oxnevade, S., Aastvict A. H., and Anderson, O. (2006). Effect of tank wall colour and upwelling water flow no growth and survival of Eurasian perch larvae (Perca fluvaiatlis). Journal World Aquaculture Society, 37: 313 – 317.
Kiyono M., and Kohno, H. (1981) Effect of light on feeding and growth of black porgy Mylio macrocephalus (Basilewsky) post larvae and juveniles. Consultancy of International Exploitation Marketers, 178: 334-336
Kusmic, C. and Guslticri, P. (2000). Morphology and spectral sensitivities of photoreceptors in fresh water Teleost. Micro nutrient 31: 138 – 200.
Liu, F .G. Yang, S.D., and Chen, H. C. (1998) Effect of temperature on feed response, growth performance and muscle proximate composition in juvenile hybrid striped bass (Morone saxatililis x Morone chrysops) Israel Journal of Aquaculture Bamidgeh, 50:184-194.
Lungrish, C.E. (1980). Influence of photoperiod on growth, in Baltic salmon Parr (Salmon salar Linneanus) with special reference to effect on precocious sexual maturation. Canada journal. 2001, 58 : 940 - 944.
Neumeyer, C. (1992). Tetrachromatic colour vision in Goldfish evidence from colour mixture experiments. Journal Composition physiology Aquaculture, 171: 639 – 649.
Omotoyin, C. O., Ekunwe, P. A. and Achille, A. (2007). Profitability and viability of catfish farming in Kogi State, Nigeria•. Journal Agriculture and Biological Science 6 (3):215-219.
Peña, R. Dumas, S., Saldivar – Lucio, R., Garcia, G., Trasvina, A. and Hernandez – Ceballos, D. (2004). The effect of light intensity on first feeding of spotted sandbass Paralabra emaculatofasciatus (Steindachner) Larvae. Aquaculture Research, 35: 345 – 349.
Piennar A.G. and Britz P.J. (1992). Laboratory experiments on the effect of light and cover on the behavior and growth of African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Pisces: Claridae). Journal of Zoology 227: 43-62.
Pointer, M .A., Chang, C. H. C., Bowmaker, J. K., Parry, J. W. L., Soto, N., Jeffery, G. Purchase, C. F., Boyce, D. L., and Brown J. A., (2000). The growth and survival of juvenile yellow tail flounder (Placuronectes fererugineus stoner) under different photoperiods.
Puvanendran, V. and Brown, J. (2002). Foraging, growth, and survival of Atlantic cod larvae in different light intensities and photoperiod. Aquaculture, 214: 313 – 151.
Ranhmann, H., Jeserich G., and Zeutzius, I. (1979). Ontogeny of visual acuity of rainbow trout, under normal condition and light deprivation Behaviour. 68: 315 – 322.
Ruchin, A.B. (2004).Influence of colored light on the growth rate of juveniles of fish. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 30:175-178.
Silver, A. J. (1996). Growth of juvenile gilthead sea bream (Sparus auratus) Linneanus). Reared under different photoperiod regimes. Israelis Journal. Aquaculture. Bamidgeh.48: 84 – 93.
Skelton, P. (1983). A complete guide to the fresh water fishes of South Africa. Halfway house southern book publisher limited.
Strand, A., Magnhagen, C., and Alanara, A. (2007). Effect of repeated disturbance of feed intake growth rate and energy expenditures of juvenile perch, Perca fluviatilis. Aquaculture. 265: 163- 168.
Tandler, A. and Helps, S. (1985). The effects of photoperiods and water exchange on growth and survival of gilthead sea bream (Sparus auratus, Linneanus; Sparidae) from hatching to metamorphosis in mass rearing systems. Aquaculture, 48:718 – 82.
Teugels, G. G. (1986). A systematic revision of the African species of the genus (Clarias, Pisces, Claridae). Annual museum Resource. African Centre for Science and Zoology. 247:199Pp.
Tripple E. A. and Neil, S. R. E. (2002). Effect of photoperiod and light intensity on growth and activityof juvenile Haddocks (Melanogram musaegletius). Aquaculture, 217: 633 – 645.
World Bank (2005). The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development Saving Fishes and Fishers toward Sustainable and Equitable Governance of The Global Fishing Sector, 1818 16 Street. Washington D.C. www.worldbank.organization/ fish.
Zeutzuius, I., and Rahmann, H. (1984). Influence of dark-rearing on the ontogemic development of Sarotherodon mossambicus (Chichlidae, Teleostes). Effects of light, on body weight, body growth pattern, swimming activity and survival acuity. Experimental Biology, 43:77 – 85.