Keywords
Fermentation
Groundnut shell
Benefit Cost Ratio
Catfish
Groundnut shell
Benefit Cost Ratio
Catfish
Abstract
The cost benefits of fermented groundnut shell meal as supplemented feed in the diets of Clarias gariepinus (catfish) fingerlings were investigated using a semi-flow-through system in a fish farm and laboratory over 12 weeks. The improvement in the nutritional composition of groundnut shells was attempted through solid-state fermentation. Comparative utilization of the fermented groundnut shells and a control diet was studied using parameters like growth performance and nutrient utilization in addition to economic indicators to conclude that isonitrogenous diets were produced using fermented groundnut shells which were compared to a control diet. The process of fermentation resulted in an improvement in the crude protein value of groundnut shells and a reduction in the crude fiber composition. Probably as a result of the fermentation process, fingerlings fed diet 5 had a better food conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), mean weight gain (MWG) and specific growth rate (SGR) than other fermented diets and the control. Similarly, Highest Net Profit, Profit Index and Benefit Cost Ratio of N475.76, N4.16, and N3.50 respectively were from diet 5. This study recommended diet 5 for optimum growth performance and economic benefit in sustainable aquaculture.
References
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Adejumo, O.K. (2005). Haematological and Histopathological effects of cassava mill effluent on Clarias gariepinus. African Journal of Biomedical Research, 8:179-183.
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Alemawor, F., Dzogbefia, V. P., Oddoye, E.O.K. and Oldham, J. H. (2009). Effect of Pleurotus ostreatus fermentation on cocoa pod husk composition: Influence of fermentation period and Mn2+supplementation on the fermentation process. African Journal of Biotechnology, 8 (9): 1950–1958.
A.O.A.C. - Association of Official Analytical Chemists (2010). Official methods of chemical Analysis. 17th Edition. , Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
Baruah, K. Sahu, N. P. and Debnath, D. (2003). Dietary phytase: An ideal approach for a cost effective and low polluting aquafeed. NAGA, 27 (3): 15-19.
Bene, C. and Heck. S. (2005). Fisheries and the millennium development goals. Solution for Africa. NAGA, 28:8 – 13.
Bradley, R.L. (1994). Moisture Content. In Introduction to the chemical analysis of food. United States, Jones and Barletts Publisher, 302 Pp.
Changadeya, W., Malekano, L.B. and Ambahi, A.J.D. (2003). Potential of genetics for aquaculture development in Africa. NAGA, 26:31 – 35.
Chuapoehuk, V. (1999). Aquatic animal nutrition and feeding. Faculty of Fisheries, Kesetstart University, Kesetstart University Press, Bangkok, 46Pp.
Crickenberger, R.G., and Carawan, R.E. (1996). Using food processing by products for animal feed. Retrieved October 18, 2010 from http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/programs/extension/publicat/wqwm.html.
Duncan, D.B. (1955). Multiple F−test. Biometrics, 11:1− 42.
Eyo, A.A., and Olatunde, O.A. (2003). Protein and amino acid requirements of fish with particular reference to species cultured in Nigeria. In: Fish Nutrition and Fish Feed Technology (Eyo, A.A Eds) Fisheries Society of Nigeria, Lagos, 59-74.
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Fagbenro, A.O. and Arowosoge, I.A. (1991). Replacement values of some household wastes as energy substitutes in low-cost diets for rearing catfish in south-western Nigeria. Bioresource Technology, 37:197-203.
Falaye, A. E. (1992). Utilisation of agro-industrial wastes as fish feedstuffs in Nigeria. Proceeding of the 10th Annual Conference of Fisheries Society of Nigeria, 47-57.
FAO/WHO (2011). Codex Alimentarius Commission Procedural Manual, 19th ed. Rome, World Health Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme (www.codexalimentarius.net/web/procedural_manual.jsp).
Fasakin, E.A. (2008). Fish as food yesterday, today and forever, Inaugural Lecture series 48, The Federal University of Technology, Akure, 52 Pp.
Fasakin, E.A., Balogun, A.M. and Edomwagogbon O. (2004). Aspects of chemical and biological evaluation of dried maggot meals in production diets for Clarid Catfish, Clarias gariepinus. World Journal of Biotechnology, 5: 753-762.
Faturoti, E.O., Obasa S.O. and Bakare A.L. (1995). Growth and nutrient utilization of Clarias gariepinus fed life maggots in sustainable utilization of Aquatic/Wetland resources. 182 Pp.
Hossain, M.A., Nahar, N., Kamal, M. and Islam, M.N. (1995). Nutrient digestibility coefficients of some plant and animal proteins for tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). Journal Aquaculture in the Tropics, 7:257-266.
Iyayi, E.A. (2004). Changes in the cellulose, sugar and crude protein content of agro- industrial by-products fermented with Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium sp. African Journal of Biotechnology, 3(3):186-188.
Jabeen, S., Salim, M. and Akhtar, P. (2004). Study on feed conversion ratio of major carp (Cirrhinus mrigala) fingerlings fed on cotton seed meal, fish meal and barley. Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 24 (1):42-46.
Jamu, D.M. and Ayinla, A.O. (2003): Potential for the development of agriculture in Africa. NAGA, 26: 9– 13.
Joseph Issaka, Boussim (2011): Kagambega, Wenemi François and Thiombiano, Adjima and Traoré, Salifou and Zougmoré, Robert: Survival and growth responses of Jatropha curcas L. to three restoration techniques on degraded soils in Burkina Faso. Annals of Forest Research, 54 (2):171-184.
Kutlu, H.R., Gӧrgϋlϋ, M., Baykal, L. and Özcan, N. (2000). Effects of Pleurotus florida inoculation or Urea treatment on feeding value of wheat straw. Turkish Journal of Veterinary Animal Science, 24:169-175.
Lateef, A., Oloke, J.K., Gueguim, K.E.B., Oyeniyi, S. O., Onifade O. R., Oyeleye A. O., Oladosu, O.C. and Oyelami, A. O. (2008). Improving the quality of agro-wastes by solid-state fermentation: enhanced antioxidant activities and nutritional qualities. Biotechnology Group, Microbiology Unit,
Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria. University Press, Ibadan, 23-29.
Li, O., Lied, E. and Lamberaton, G. (1989). Haematological values and fatty acid composition of erythrocyte phospholipids in cod (Gadus morhua) fed at different water temperatures. Aquaculture, 79:137-144.
Misra, C.K., Das, B.K. and Mohanta, K.N. (2003). Feed management in aquaculture. Fish Farmer International File, 17 (1): 32-33.
Miszkiewics, H., Bizukoje, M., Rozwandewics, A. and Bielecki, S. (2004). Physiological properties and enzymatic activities of Rhizopus oligosporus in solid state fermentations. Electronic Journal Polish Agricultural Universities. Biotechnology, 7(1):322-341.
Nwanna, L.C. (2003). Nutritional value and digestibility of shrimp head waste meal by Africa Catfish Clarias gariepinus. Pakistani Journal of Nutrition, 2(6):339-345.
New, M. B. (1989). Formulated Aquaculture Feeds in Asia: Some Thoughts of Comparative Economics, Industrial Potential, Problems and Research Needs in Relation to Small-Scale Famers. In Badru J.E (ed) Report of the Workshop on Shrimps and Finfishes Feeds. ASEAN/SF/89/GGEN
Oboh, G., Akindahunsi, A.A. and Oshodi, A.A. (2002). Nutrient and anti-nutrient content of Aspergillus niger fermented cassava products (flour and gari). Journal of Food Compound and Analysis, 15(3):617-622.
Olurin, K. B., Olujo, E. A. A. and Olukoya, O. A. (2006). Growth of African catfish Clarias gariepinus fingerlings, fed different levels of cassava. World Journal of Zoology, (1):54-56.
Omitoyin, B.O., and Faturoti, E.O. (2000). Effect of raw and parboiled chicken offal in the diet of Clarias gariepinus. Aquabyte, 1:20-25.
Raimbault, M. (1998). General and Microbiological aspects of Solid Substrate Fermentation. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology, 15th December, 1998, 1: (3): Pp 200-201. Available from: http://www.ejbiotechnology.info/content/vol 1/issue3/full/9/9.
Shabbir, S., Salim, M. and Rashid, M. (2003). Study on the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in major carp (Cirrhinus mrigala) fed on sunflower meal, wheat bran and maize gluten (30%). Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 23 (1):1-3.
Sogbesan, O.A. (2014). Non-Conventional Animal Protein Feedstuffs for the Culture of Catfish. First Edition, Tetfund Book Development Project, Ibadan University Press, Ibadan, 2Pp.
Sogbesan, O.A., Mohanta, K.N., Sahoo, P.K., Mitra, G. and Jayasankar, P. (2012): Maize Cob: A Reliable Co-energy source in Fish Feed. In: National Workshop on Application of Solid State Fermentation Technology in Aquaculture. 118-128.
Sotolu, A.O., (2008). Nutrient Potentials of Water Hyacinth as a Feed Supplement in Sustainable Aquaculture. Obeche, 26 (1), 45-51.
Tewe, O.O. (2004). Cassava for Livestock feed in sub-sahara Africa. F.A.O. Rome Italy. 64pp.
Tibbets, S.M., Lall, S.P. and Milley, J.E. (2005). Effect of dietary protein and lipid levels and dietary protein/dietary energy ratio on growth, feed utilization and hepatosomatic index of juvenile haddock, Melanogramms aeglefonus. Aquaculture Nutrition, 11:67-78.
Yang, X.Y., Cao, Q. and Zhu, M.Z. (1986). Substrate residues from mushroom culture as feed ingredient for pigs. In: Proceedings of 4th Conference of National Society of Animal Nutrition, CAASV: 98-99.
Aderemi, F.A. and Nworgu, F.C. (2007). Nutritional status and root seriate biodegraded with Aspergillus niger. American-Eurasia. Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Science, 2 (3): 308-311.
Adejumo, O.K. (2005). Haematological and Histopathological effects of cassava mill effluent on Clarias gariepinus. African Journal of Biomedical Research, 8:179-183.
Adikwu, I. A (2003). A Review of aquaculture: Nutrition in aquaculture development in Nigeria. Proceeding of the Joint Fisheries Society of Nigeria, National Institute for Freshwater Fisheries Research, FAO–National special programme for the food security National Workshop on Fish Feed
Development and feeding practices in Aquaculture (Eyo, A.A. Ed.) held at the National Institute for Freshwater Fisheries Research, New-Bussa. 15th–19th September 2003, 34 – 42.
Alegbeleye, W.A.O. (2005). Growth performance and haematological profiles of Oreochromis niloticus (Trewavas, 1983) fingerlings fed differently processed cotton seed (Gossypium hirsutum Linn. 1735) meal. Ph.D Thesis. Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, 213Pp.
Alemawor, F., Dzogbefia, V. P., Oddoye, E.O.K. and Oldham, J. H. (2009). Effect of Pleurotus ostreatus fermentation on cocoa pod husk composition: Influence of fermentation period and Mn2+supplementation on the fermentation process. African Journal of Biotechnology, 8 (9): 1950–1958.
A.O.A.C. - Association of Official Analytical Chemists (2010). Official methods of chemical Analysis. 17th Edition. , Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
Baruah, K. Sahu, N. P. and Debnath, D. (2003). Dietary phytase: An ideal approach for a cost effective and low polluting aquafeed. NAGA, 27 (3): 15-19.
Bene, C. and Heck. S. (2005). Fisheries and the millennium development goals. Solution for Africa. NAGA, 28:8 – 13.
Bradley, R.L. (1994). Moisture Content. In Introduction to the chemical analysis of food. United States, Jones and Barletts Publisher, 302 Pp.
Changadeya, W., Malekano, L.B. and Ambahi, A.J.D. (2003). Potential of genetics for aquaculture development in Africa. NAGA, 26:31 – 35.
Chuapoehuk, V. (1999). Aquatic animal nutrition and feeding. Faculty of Fisheries, Kesetstart University, Kesetstart University Press, Bangkok, 46Pp.
Crickenberger, R.G., and Carawan, R.E. (1996). Using food processing by products for animal feed. Retrieved October 18, 2010 from http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/programs/extension/publicat/wqwm.html.
Duncan, D.B. (1955). Multiple F−test. Biometrics, 11:1− 42.
Eyo, A.A., and Olatunde, O.A. (2003). Protein and amino acid requirements of fish with particular reference to species cultured in Nigeria. In: Fish Nutrition and Fish Feed Technology (Eyo, A.A Eds) Fisheries Society of Nigeria, Lagos, 59-74.
Eyo, A. A. (2004). Fundamentals of fish nutrition and diet development an overview.1-33. In Eyo, A.A. (ed). National workshop on fish feed development and feeding practices in aquaculture NIFFRI, Newbussa 15th to 19th September, 2003, 65Pp.
Fagbenro, A.O. and Arowosoge, I.A. (1991). Replacement values of some household wastes as energy substitutes in low-cost diets for rearing catfish in south-western Nigeria. Bioresource Technology, 37:197-203.
Falaye, A. E. (1992). Utilisation of agro-industrial wastes as fish feedstuffs in Nigeria. Proceeding of the 10th Annual Conference of Fisheries Society of Nigeria, 47-57.
FAO/WHO (2011). Codex Alimentarius Commission Procedural Manual, 19th ed. Rome, World Health Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme (www.codexalimentarius.net/web/procedural_manual.jsp).
Fasakin, E.A. (2008). Fish as food yesterday, today and forever, Inaugural Lecture series 48, The Federal University of Technology, Akure, 52 Pp.
Fasakin, E.A., Balogun, A.M. and Edomwagogbon O. (2004). Aspects of chemical and biological evaluation of dried maggot meals in production diets for Clarid Catfish, Clarias gariepinus. World Journal of Biotechnology, 5: 753-762.
Faturoti, E.O., Obasa S.O. and Bakare A.L. (1995). Growth and nutrient utilization of Clarias gariepinus fed life maggots in sustainable utilization of Aquatic/Wetland resources. 182 Pp.
Hossain, M.A., Nahar, N., Kamal, M. and Islam, M.N. (1995). Nutrient digestibility coefficients of some plant and animal proteins for tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). Journal Aquaculture in the Tropics, 7:257-266.
Iyayi, E.A. (2004). Changes in the cellulose, sugar and crude protein content of agro- industrial by-products fermented with Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium sp. African Journal of Biotechnology, 3(3):186-188.
Jabeen, S., Salim, M. and Akhtar, P. (2004). Study on feed conversion ratio of major carp (Cirrhinus mrigala) fingerlings fed on cotton seed meal, fish meal and barley. Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 24 (1):42-46.
Jamu, D.M. and Ayinla, A.O. (2003): Potential for the development of agriculture in Africa. NAGA, 26: 9– 13.
Joseph Issaka, Boussim (2011): Kagambega, Wenemi François and Thiombiano, Adjima and Traoré, Salifou and Zougmoré, Robert: Survival and growth responses of Jatropha curcas L. to three restoration techniques on degraded soils in Burkina Faso. Annals of Forest Research, 54 (2):171-184.
Kutlu, H.R., Gӧrgϋlϋ, M., Baykal, L. and Özcan, N. (2000). Effects of Pleurotus florida inoculation or Urea treatment on feeding value of wheat straw. Turkish Journal of Veterinary Animal Science, 24:169-175.
Lateef, A., Oloke, J.K., Gueguim, K.E.B., Oyeniyi, S. O., Onifade O. R., Oyeleye A. O., Oladosu, O.C. and Oyelami, A. O. (2008). Improving the quality of agro-wastes by solid-state fermentation: enhanced antioxidant activities and nutritional qualities. Biotechnology Group, Microbiology Unit,
Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria. University Press, Ibadan, 23-29.
Li, O., Lied, E. and Lamberaton, G. (1989). Haematological values and fatty acid composition of erythrocyte phospholipids in cod (Gadus morhua) fed at different water temperatures. Aquaculture, 79:137-144.
Misra, C.K., Das, B.K. and Mohanta, K.N. (2003). Feed management in aquaculture. Fish Farmer International File, 17 (1): 32-33.
Miszkiewics, H., Bizukoje, M., Rozwandewics, A. and Bielecki, S. (2004). Physiological properties and enzymatic activities of Rhizopus oligosporus in solid state fermentations. Electronic Journal Polish Agricultural Universities. Biotechnology, 7(1):322-341.
Nwanna, L.C. (2003). Nutritional value and digestibility of shrimp head waste meal by Africa Catfish Clarias gariepinus. Pakistani Journal of Nutrition, 2(6):339-345.
New, M. B. (1989). Formulated Aquaculture Feeds in Asia: Some Thoughts of Comparative Economics, Industrial Potential, Problems and Research Needs in Relation to Small-Scale Famers. In Badru J.E (ed) Report of the Workshop on Shrimps and Finfishes Feeds. ASEAN/SF/89/GGEN
Oboh, G., Akindahunsi, A.A. and Oshodi, A.A. (2002). Nutrient and anti-nutrient content of Aspergillus niger fermented cassava products (flour and gari). Journal of Food Compound and Analysis, 15(3):617-622.
Olurin, K. B., Olujo, E. A. A. and Olukoya, O. A. (2006). Growth of African catfish Clarias gariepinus fingerlings, fed different levels of cassava. World Journal of Zoology, (1):54-56.
Omitoyin, B.O., and Faturoti, E.O. (2000). Effect of raw and parboiled chicken offal in the diet of Clarias gariepinus. Aquabyte, 1:20-25.
Raimbault, M. (1998). General and Microbiological aspects of Solid Substrate Fermentation. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology, 15th December, 1998, 1: (3): Pp 200-201. Available from: http://www.ejbiotechnology.info/content/vol 1/issue3/full/9/9.
Shabbir, S., Salim, M. and Rashid, M. (2003). Study on the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in major carp (Cirrhinus mrigala) fed on sunflower meal, wheat bran and maize gluten (30%). Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 23 (1):1-3.
Sogbesan, O.A. (2014). Non-Conventional Animal Protein Feedstuffs for the Culture of Catfish. First Edition, Tetfund Book Development Project, Ibadan University Press, Ibadan, 2Pp.
Sogbesan, O.A., Mohanta, K.N., Sahoo, P.K., Mitra, G. and Jayasankar, P. (2012): Maize Cob: A Reliable Co-energy source in Fish Feed. In: National Workshop on Application of Solid State Fermentation Technology in Aquaculture. 118-128.
Sotolu, A.O., (2008). Nutrient Potentials of Water Hyacinth as a Feed Supplement in Sustainable Aquaculture. Obeche, 26 (1), 45-51.
Tewe, O.O. (2004). Cassava for Livestock feed in sub-sahara Africa. F.A.O. Rome Italy. 64pp.
Tibbets, S.M., Lall, S.P. and Milley, J.E. (2005). Effect of dietary protein and lipid levels and dietary protein/dietary energy ratio on growth, feed utilization and hepatosomatic index of juvenile haddock, Melanogramms aeglefonus. Aquaculture Nutrition, 11:67-78.
Yang, X.Y., Cao, Q. and Zhu, M.Z. (1986). Substrate residues from mushroom culture as feed ingredient for pigs. In: Proceedings of 4th Conference of National Society of Animal Nutrition, CAASV: 98-99.