Keywords
2 4-D Dimethyl Amine Salt
Clarias gariepinus
Growth
Hematology
Toxicity
Clarias gariepinus
Growth
Hematology
Toxicity
Abstract
The study aimed to determine the toxicological impacts of the herbicide 2, 4-D Dimethyl amine salt on Clarias gariepinus fingerlings. After a series of range finding tests, the fishes were exposed to lethal concentrations of 0.00, 1.34, 1.42, 14.8, 1.54, and 1.60ml/L for 96 hours as well as sub-lethal concentrations of 0.00, 0.069, 0.138 and 0.276ml/L of 2, 4-D Dimethyl amine salt for 8 weeks in a renewal bioassay. The value of 96 hours LC50 was 1.385ml/L. Respiratory disturbance, erratic swimming, loss of equilibrium, lethargy, and sudden fish death were observed in 96hrs of exposed fish, and these varied greatly with differences in concentration of the toxicant, with a trend of significant (p<0.05) increase in mortality with increasing concentrations. The physicochemical parameters obtained before and after the experiment were within tolerable limits. The growth rates were significantly (p<0.05) reduced in fish exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of the herbicide 2, 4-D Dimethyl amine salt. The toxicant led to significant changes (p<0.05) in hematological parameters. Mean red blood cells and packed cell volume reduced with an increase in the concentration of the toxicant, while other parameters, such as white blood cells increased proportionally to the toxicant concentration. The lethal and sub-lethal exposure of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings to 2, 4 D dimethyl amine salt with values of 1.6 ml/L, 0.138ml/L 0.276 ml/L indicate significant changes in hematological parameters of acute, sublethal respectively.
References
Akinkuolie, S. O., Adewole, H. A., Ololade, O. D., Lawal, B. M. & Olaleye, V. F. (2021). Assessment of the Growth Performance and Hematological Indices of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings Exposed to Soap Effluent. The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology, 82, 56-65.
Amarachineke, E. F. (2018). -Acute Toxicity of Primextra (Atrazine) on a Freshwater Fish Heterobranchus bidorsalis. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 26(5), 514-526.
Audu, B. S., Adamu K. M. & Nonyelu O. N. (2014). Changes in Hematological Parameters Of Clarias gariepinus Exposed to Century Plant (Agave americana) Leaf Dust. International Journal of Applied Biological Research, 6(1), 54-65.
Brown, M. E. (1957). Experimental Studies on Growth. In The Physiology of Fishes 1: pp. 361–400.
Chen, S., Ma K., Wu Y., Ma Y., Qiao H., Fan J. & Wu H. (2014). Dietary Supplementation With Microalgae Enhances the Zebrafish Growth Performance by Modulating Immune Status and Gut Microbiota. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 1–16.
Chris, D. I., Samuel, E. E. & Sokiprim A. (2022). Hematological and Behavioral Response of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) (Burchell, 1822) Exposed to Sub-lethal Concentration of xylene. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 14(1), 554–565.
Davis, O. A. & Ezenwa, N. C. (2010). Groundnut Cake an Alternative Protein Source in the Diet of Clarias gariepinus fry. International Journal of Science and Nature, 1(1), 73–76.
Drummond, R. A., Russom, C. L. & Gleger, D. L. (1986). Behavioral and Morphological Changes in Fathead Minor (Pimphales promelas) as Diagnostic Endpoints for Screening Chemicals According to Mode Of Action; In T.M. Poston & R. Pruddy (eds). Aquatic Toxicology and Environment Fate, 9:415-435.
El-Sharkawy, N. I., Rasha, M., Reda & El-Araby, E. I. (2011). Assessment of Stomp (Pendimethalin) Toxicity on Oreochromis niloticus. Journal of American Science, 7(10), 568-576.
Enetinmi, I., Seiyaboh I., Esther B. E. & Sylvester I. S. (2020). Acute Toxicity of Clarias gariepinus Fingerlings Exposed to 2, 4-D Dimethylamine Salt. Journal of Public Health International, 2641-4538.
Fioriono, E., Sehenova P., Plhalova L., Blahova J., Svobodova Z. & Faggio C. (2018). Effect of Glyphosate on Early Life Stages: Comparison Between Cyprinus carpio and Danio rerio. Environ. Sci. Poll. Res. DOI 10.1007/s11356- 017-1141-5.
Gbem, T. T., Balogun, J. K., Lawal, F. A., Amune, P. A. & Auta J. (2003). Sub-lethal Effects Of Tannery Effluent on Some Hematological Indices and Growth of Clarias gariepinus (Teugels). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 71: 1200–1206.
Ghayyur, S., Tabassum, S., Ahmad, M. S., Akhtar, N. & Khan, M. F. (2019). Effect of Chlorpyrifos on Hematological and Seral Biochemical Components of Fish (Oreochromis mossambicus). Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 51(3), 1047–1052.
George, A. D. I., Akinrotimi, O. A. & Nwokoma, U. K. (2017). Hematological Changes in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Exposed to A Mixture of Atrazine and Metolachlor in the Laboratory. Journal of Fisheries and Science, 11(3), 48-54.
Hesser E. F. (1960). Method for Routine Fish Hematology. Progressive Culturist, 22:164-171.
Islam, A., Nurul, Amin, S. N., Christopher, L. B., Juraimi, A. & Aziz, A. K. (2021). Determination of Median Lethal Concentration (LC50) for Endosulfon, Heptachlor, and Dieldrin Pesticides to African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and their impact. Toxics, 9 (12), 340.
Jasmin, J., Rahman, M. M. and Rahman, M. M. (2018). Hematological changes in Labeo rohita (H.) Due to Exposure to Pesticides, Difenoconazole and Thiamethoxam. International Journal of Contemporary Research Revision, 9(1), 20199-20205.
Kumar, R. S., Sankhla, M. S., Kumar, R., Swaroop, S. & Sonone (2021). Impact of Pesticide Toxicity in Aquatic Environment. Interface research in Applied Chemistry, 11(3), 10131–10140.
Lawee, A. Y. & Imgbian, T. D. (2017). Effects of Sub-Lethal Concentrations of Bentazon Pesticide on The Growth Performance and Some Hematological Indices on Juveniles of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). Journal of Fisheries and Aquaculture, 5(2), 114–121.
Mohseni, M., Pourkazemi, M. & Baim, S. C. (2014). Effects of Dietary Inorganic Copper on Growth Performance and Immune Response of Juvenile Beluga, Huso huso. Aquaculture and Nutrition, 20, 547–556.
Mostakim, G. M., Zahangir, M. M., Mishu, M. M., Rahman, M. K. & Islam, M. S. (2015). Alteration of blood parameters and histo-architecture of liver and kidney of silver barb after chronic exposure to quinalphos. Journal of Toxicology, Article ID 415984: 1-8.
MUAWC (2008). Blood Collection Guidelines. Monash University Animal Welfare Committee (MUAWC), 1-10.
Nath, S., Matozzo, V., Bhandari, D. & Faggio, C. (2018). Growth and Liver Histology of Channa Punctatus Exposed to a Common Biofertilizer. Natural Product Research. DOI:10.1080/14786419.2018.1428586.
Paulpandian, P., Beevi, I. S., Somanath, B., Kamatchi, R. K., Paulraj, B. & Faggio, C. (2022). Impact of Camellia sinensis Iron Oxide Nanoparticle on Growth, Hemato-Biochemical and Antioxidant Capacity of Blue Gourami (Trichogaster trichopterus) Fingerlings. Biology and Trace Element Research, pp. 1–13.
Pitcher, T. J. & Hart, P. J. B. (1982). Fisheries ecology. London and Canberra, Croom Helm Ltd. (American Edition): The Avian Publishing Company Inc., Westport, Conn. p. 4.
Ranjan, K. P. & Kumari, A. (2022). Effects of Herbicide, Glyphosate on Behavior Response and Blood Metabolite of Clarias batrachus (Linn.) International Journal of Fisheries and Aquaculture Studies, 10(4), 109-112.
Sakala, M. E. & Musuka, C. G. (2014). The Effect of Ammonia On Growth and Survival Rate of Tilapia rendalli in Quail Manured Tanks. International Journal of Aquaculture, 4(22), 1-6.
Salim, A. M., Dauda, A. B. and Yusuf, M. A. (2021). Behavioral Responses of African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus, (Burchell, 1822) Juveniles Exposed to Acute Concentrations of Butachlor (Herbicide). FUDMA Journal of Sciences (FJS) ISSN online: 2616-1370.
Shalaby, A. M., Khatab, Y. A. & Abdel-Rahman, A. M. (2006). Effects of Garlic (Alium sativum) and Chloramphenicol on Growth Performance, Physiological Parameters and Survival of Nile tilapia (O. niloticus). Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases, 12(12), 365–378.
Svobodova, Z., Kroupova, H., Modra, H., Flajshans, M., Randak T., Savina L. V. & Gela D. (2008). Hematological Profile of Common Carp Spawners of Various Breeds. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 24(1), 55-59.
Uchenna U. B., Obiahu H O., Zhifeng Y. & Chikeziri C. O. (2022). Evaluating The Effect of Acute Ammonia Toxicity In a Freshwater Ecological Environment on The Growth and Hematological Functioning of Clarias gariepinus. Water Infrastructure, Ecosystems and Society, 00(0), 1. Doi: 10.2166/aqua.2022.138.
Vaiyanan, V., Sridharan G., Raveendran, S. & Chairman, K. (2015). Impact of Pesticides on Hematological Parameters of Cyprinus capio. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, 4(8), 1424-1430.
Amarachineke, E. F. (2018). -Acute Toxicity of Primextra (Atrazine) on a Freshwater Fish Heterobranchus bidorsalis. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 26(5), 514-526.
Audu, B. S., Adamu K. M. & Nonyelu O. N. (2014). Changes in Hematological Parameters Of Clarias gariepinus Exposed to Century Plant (Agave americana) Leaf Dust. International Journal of Applied Biological Research, 6(1), 54-65.
Brown, M. E. (1957). Experimental Studies on Growth. In The Physiology of Fishes 1: pp. 361–400.
Chen, S., Ma K., Wu Y., Ma Y., Qiao H., Fan J. & Wu H. (2014). Dietary Supplementation With Microalgae Enhances the Zebrafish Growth Performance by Modulating Immune Status and Gut Microbiota. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 1–16.
Chris, D. I., Samuel, E. E. & Sokiprim A. (2022). Hematological and Behavioral Response of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) (Burchell, 1822) Exposed to Sub-lethal Concentration of xylene. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 14(1), 554–565.
Davis, O. A. & Ezenwa, N. C. (2010). Groundnut Cake an Alternative Protein Source in the Diet of Clarias gariepinus fry. International Journal of Science and Nature, 1(1), 73–76.
Drummond, R. A., Russom, C. L. & Gleger, D. L. (1986). Behavioral and Morphological Changes in Fathead Minor (Pimphales promelas) as Diagnostic Endpoints for Screening Chemicals According to Mode Of Action; In T.M. Poston & R. Pruddy (eds). Aquatic Toxicology and Environment Fate, 9:415-435.
El-Sharkawy, N. I., Rasha, M., Reda & El-Araby, E. I. (2011). Assessment of Stomp (Pendimethalin) Toxicity on Oreochromis niloticus. Journal of American Science, 7(10), 568-576.
Enetinmi, I., Seiyaboh I., Esther B. E. & Sylvester I. S. (2020). Acute Toxicity of Clarias gariepinus Fingerlings Exposed to 2, 4-D Dimethylamine Salt. Journal of Public Health International, 2641-4538.
Fioriono, E., Sehenova P., Plhalova L., Blahova J., Svobodova Z. & Faggio C. (2018). Effect of Glyphosate on Early Life Stages: Comparison Between Cyprinus carpio and Danio rerio. Environ. Sci. Poll. Res. DOI 10.1007/s11356- 017-1141-5.
Gbem, T. T., Balogun, J. K., Lawal, F. A., Amune, P. A. & Auta J. (2003). Sub-lethal Effects Of Tannery Effluent on Some Hematological Indices and Growth of Clarias gariepinus (Teugels). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 71: 1200–1206.
Ghayyur, S., Tabassum, S., Ahmad, M. S., Akhtar, N. & Khan, M. F. (2019). Effect of Chlorpyrifos on Hematological and Seral Biochemical Components of Fish (Oreochromis mossambicus). Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 51(3), 1047–1052.
George, A. D. I., Akinrotimi, O. A. & Nwokoma, U. K. (2017). Hematological Changes in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Exposed to A Mixture of Atrazine and Metolachlor in the Laboratory. Journal of Fisheries and Science, 11(3), 48-54.
Hesser E. F. (1960). Method for Routine Fish Hematology. Progressive Culturist, 22:164-171.
Islam, A., Nurul, Amin, S. N., Christopher, L. B., Juraimi, A. & Aziz, A. K. (2021). Determination of Median Lethal Concentration (LC50) for Endosulfon, Heptachlor, and Dieldrin Pesticides to African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and their impact. Toxics, 9 (12), 340.
Jasmin, J., Rahman, M. M. and Rahman, M. M. (2018). Hematological changes in Labeo rohita (H.) Due to Exposure to Pesticides, Difenoconazole and Thiamethoxam. International Journal of Contemporary Research Revision, 9(1), 20199-20205.
Kumar, R. S., Sankhla, M. S., Kumar, R., Swaroop, S. & Sonone (2021). Impact of Pesticide Toxicity in Aquatic Environment. Interface research in Applied Chemistry, 11(3), 10131–10140.
Lawee, A. Y. & Imgbian, T. D. (2017). Effects of Sub-Lethal Concentrations of Bentazon Pesticide on The Growth Performance and Some Hematological Indices on Juveniles of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). Journal of Fisheries and Aquaculture, 5(2), 114–121.
Mohseni, M., Pourkazemi, M. & Baim, S. C. (2014). Effects of Dietary Inorganic Copper on Growth Performance and Immune Response of Juvenile Beluga, Huso huso. Aquaculture and Nutrition, 20, 547–556.
Mostakim, G. M., Zahangir, M. M., Mishu, M. M., Rahman, M. K. & Islam, M. S. (2015). Alteration of blood parameters and histo-architecture of liver and kidney of silver barb after chronic exposure to quinalphos. Journal of Toxicology, Article ID 415984: 1-8.
MUAWC (2008). Blood Collection Guidelines. Monash University Animal Welfare Committee (MUAWC), 1-10.
Nath, S., Matozzo, V., Bhandari, D. & Faggio, C. (2018). Growth and Liver Histology of Channa Punctatus Exposed to a Common Biofertilizer. Natural Product Research. DOI:10.1080/14786419.2018.1428586.
Paulpandian, P., Beevi, I. S., Somanath, B., Kamatchi, R. K., Paulraj, B. & Faggio, C. (2022). Impact of Camellia sinensis Iron Oxide Nanoparticle on Growth, Hemato-Biochemical and Antioxidant Capacity of Blue Gourami (Trichogaster trichopterus) Fingerlings. Biology and Trace Element Research, pp. 1–13.
Pitcher, T. J. & Hart, P. J. B. (1982). Fisheries ecology. London and Canberra, Croom Helm Ltd. (American Edition): The Avian Publishing Company Inc., Westport, Conn. p. 4.
Ranjan, K. P. & Kumari, A. (2022). Effects of Herbicide, Glyphosate on Behavior Response and Blood Metabolite of Clarias batrachus (Linn.) International Journal of Fisheries and Aquaculture Studies, 10(4), 109-112.
Sakala, M. E. & Musuka, C. G. (2014). The Effect of Ammonia On Growth and Survival Rate of Tilapia rendalli in Quail Manured Tanks. International Journal of Aquaculture, 4(22), 1-6.
Salim, A. M., Dauda, A. B. and Yusuf, M. A. (2021). Behavioral Responses of African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus, (Burchell, 1822) Juveniles Exposed to Acute Concentrations of Butachlor (Herbicide). FUDMA Journal of Sciences (FJS) ISSN online: 2616-1370.
Shalaby, A. M., Khatab, Y. A. & Abdel-Rahman, A. M. (2006). Effects of Garlic (Alium sativum) and Chloramphenicol on Growth Performance, Physiological Parameters and Survival of Nile tilapia (O. niloticus). Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases, 12(12), 365–378.
Svobodova, Z., Kroupova, H., Modra, H., Flajshans, M., Randak T., Savina L. V. & Gela D. (2008). Hematological Profile of Common Carp Spawners of Various Breeds. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 24(1), 55-59.
Uchenna U. B., Obiahu H O., Zhifeng Y. & Chikeziri C. O. (2022). Evaluating The Effect of Acute Ammonia Toxicity In a Freshwater Ecological Environment on The Growth and Hematological Functioning of Clarias gariepinus. Water Infrastructure, Ecosystems and Society, 00(0), 1. Doi: 10.2166/aqua.2022.138.
Vaiyanan, V., Sridharan G., Raveendran, S. & Chairman, K. (2015). Impact of Pesticides on Hematological Parameters of Cyprinus capio. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, 4(8), 1424-1430.