Keywords
Garlic
Growth
Hematological Parameters
Heterobranchus longifilis
Growth
Hematological Parameters
Heterobranchus longifilis
Abstract
Natural feed additives are efficient in reducing the need for antibiotics therefore, nutritionists are using plant-based feed additives such as garlic. This study evaluated the effect of garlic on the growth and hematological parameters of H. longifilis juveniles in a 56-day feed trial. H. longifilis juveniles (57.80±26.7g) were divided into fifteen circular tanks (60 liters capacity) and stocked 10 fish per tank in three replicates. Five experimental diets were formulated, each containing varying amounts of garlic powder: 0.00 (control) 0.01g/kg, 0.015, 0.02, and 0.025g/kg designated as G0, G1, G2, G3, and G4, respectively. Fish were fed 2% body weight twice daily. The results revealed that fish fed 0.015g/kg of garlic gave a significantly (P<0.05) higher mean weight gain of 8.39g±0.84 while fish fed control gave the lowest mean weight gain of 1.3g±0.00. The specific growth rate and mean feed intake followed the same pattern but showed no significant difference (P>0.05). The food conversion ratio was relatively high in the fish fed the control group and lowest in fish fed G2 diet. The Hematological parameters of garlic-supplemented diets showed a general decrease except for Total white blood cells. The Packed cell volume, Hemoglobin, and Total red blood cell values were significantly (P<0.05) higher in the control than in fish fed with garlic-supplemented diets. The Total white blood cells showed a significant (P<0.05) increase in fish fed with a garlic-supplemented diet. This indicates garlic inclusion in the diet of H. longifilis should be minimal and 0.015g/kg is recommended.
References
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Adekunle, A. I. (2011). Growth and Blood Chemistry Of Selected Clariid Catfishes Fed Phosphorus Supplemented Diets. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic science, 6(5), 545-554.
Adeniji, C.A., Wusu, D. & Falana, O. E. (2019). Individual and Combined Effects of Moringa Leaf and Garlic Powder on Growth and Plasma Biochemical Indices of Clarias gariepinus Juveniles. American Journal of Food Science and Technology, 7(5), 137-145.
Afe, O. E., Dada, A. A. & Olufayo, M.O. (2019). Effects of varying levels of Ocimum gratissimum leaf powder on growth performance and feed utilization of Heterobranchus bidorsalis fingerlings. African Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management, 4(1), 35-42.
Agbebi, O. T., Ogunmuyiwa, T. G. & Herber, S. M. (2013). Effect of Dietary Garlic Source on Feed Utilization, Growth and Histopathology of the African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Journal of Agricultural Science, 5(5), 26-34.
Agbo, A. N. (2015). Evaluation of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam De Wit) Leafmeal in The Diet of Heterobranchus longifilis Valenciennes, 1840 Fingerlings. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Department of Biological Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, p.104.
Amisah, S., Oteng, M.A. & Ofori, J.K. (2009). Growth Performance of the African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus fed inclusion levels of Leucaena leucocephala leafmeal. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 13(1), 23-26.
Anyanwu, D.C., Udedibie, A.B., Osuigwe, D.I. & Ogwu, V.O. (2011). Haematological Responses of hybrid of Heterobranchus bidorsalis and Clarias gariepinus fed dietary levels of Carica papaya leafmeal. World Rural Observations, 3(1), 9-12.
A.O.A.C. (1990). Official Methods of Analysis. Association of Official Analytical Chemistry vol.13 Washington, USA p.1234.
Bello, O. S., Olaifa, F. E. & Emikpe, B. O. (2014). Haematological and Blood Biochemical Changes in African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus Fed Walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum Mull Arg) Leaf and Onion (Allium cepa Linn) Bulb Supplemented Diets. American Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 4(12), 1593-1603.
Blaxhall P.C. & Daisley K.W. (1973). Routine haematological methods for use with fish blood. Journal of Fish Biology, 5:771-781.
Campelo D.A.V., Gonçalves, I.S., Silva, I.C., & De Moura, L.B. (2020). Dietary garlic essential oil on development parameters of Veverum post-larvae. The Brazilian Journal of Animal Health and Production, 21:01-13.
Chowdhury, S. R., Chowdhury, S. D. & Smith, T. K. (2002). Effect of dietary garlic on cholesterol metabolism in laying hen. Journal of Poultry Science, 7(2), 122-128.
Castell, J.D. & Tiews, K. (1980). Report on the standardization of methodology of fish nutrition research. EIFAC Technical Paper, No. 36, p. 24.
Dacie, J.V. & Lewis, S.M. (2001). Practical Haematology 9th ed. Churchhill Livingstone, London, p. 633.
Imodagbe M.O., Abdullahi, S.A., Yusuf, A., Umar, R., Yusuf I.A., Wada, Y.A. & Lawal A. (2020). Impact of Garden Snail (Limicolaria flammea) Meal as Fish meal Replacement on Whole-body Biochemical Composition in Juvenile Heterobranchus bidorsalis (Mari). Nigerian Journal of Animal Science and Technology, 3(1), 69 – 79.
Irabor, A. E., Ekelemu, J. K., Ekokotu, P. A. & Nwachi, O. F. (2021). The effect of garlic concentrates on the performance of hybrid catfish fingerlings (Heterobranchus longifilis xClarias gariepinus). International Journal of Agricultural Technology, 17(2), 503-516.
Jabbi A.M., Ayeku, P.O., Asiru, R.A. & Sani K.A. (2022). Effects of Garlic (Allium sativum) on Growth and Haematological Parameters in African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Juveniles. International Journal of Science for Global Sustainability, 8(4), 19-27.
Kaur, H. & Ansal, M. (2020). Efficacy of garlic powder as a growth promoting feed additive for higher growth and improved flesh quality in an Indian Major Carp, Labeo rohita (Ham.) fingerlings. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 8(2), 25-29.
Kumar, M.R., Naik, M.R., Kota, S.K. & Prasad, G.S. (2020). Role of Phytobiotics In Aquaculture. Agriallis 2(12), 27-30.
Nwabueze, A.A. (2012). The Effect of Garlic (Allium sativum) on Growth and Haematological Parameters of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). Sustainable Agriculture Research, 1(2), 222-228.
Nwakpa, J. N. & Ikwor, T. N. (2024). Effect of Dietary Inclusion of Garlic as Additive on Growth Performance and Heamatological Parameters of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell1822) Fingerlings. Asian Science Bulletin, 2(4), 392-400.
Nya, E.J. & Austin, B. (2009). Use of garlic, Allium sativum, to control Aeromonas hydrophilainfection in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Journal of Fish Disease, 32(11), 963-970.
Nyadjeu, P., Yemdjie, D. D. M., Ndjuissi, N. A. T., Nguenang, G. N., Dedou, N. Y. C., & Tabi-Tomedi, M. E. (2021). Effect of Zingiber officinale and Allium sativum Powders as Natural Feed Additives promoting growth, feed utilization, and whole-body composition in Clarias gariepinus fry. Food and Nutrition Sciences, 12(06), 526–543.
Nyadjeu P., Arreytabe D.J., Nkongho G.O., & Tomedi-Tabi M.E. (2023). Growth and Physiological responses of Juvenile African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Fed with Dietary Supplementation of Garlic-Ginger Mixture. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, 9(2), 18-32.
Ogunji, J. & Wuertz, S. (2023). Aquaculture Development in Nigeria: The Second Biggest Aquaculture Producer in Africa. Water, 15(24), 4224.
Okorie-Kanu, C. O. & Unakalamba, N. J. (2014). Haematological and Blood Biochemistry Values of Cultured Heterobranchus longifilis in Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria. Anima Research International, 11(2), 1987 – 1993.
Ozovehe, N.B. (2013). Growth performance, haematological indices, and some biochemical enzymes of juvenile Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822) fed varying levels of Moringa oleifera leaf meal diet. Journal of Aquatic Research and Development, 4(2), 1-6.
Vigneshpriya, D. & Krishnaveni, N. (2016). The effect of garlic and onion incorporated feed on the growth and nutritional status of the fresh water fish Tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters, 1852). International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 4(5), 253-257.
WorldFish (2018). WorldFish Nigeria Strategy: 2018-2022. Penang, Malaysia: WorldFish. Strategy: 2018-09 World fish center (2018) Nigeria, p.10.
https://www.worldfishcenter.org/where-we-work/africa/nigeria assessed 07/15/2021
Wedemeyer, G.A., & Yasutake, W.T. (1977). Clinical methods for the Assessment of the effects of environmental stress on fish Health. Department of the Interior, fish and wild life service. USA. p.18.
Adekunle, A. I. (2011). Growth and Blood Chemistry Of Selected Clariid Catfishes Fed Phosphorus Supplemented Diets. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic science, 6(5), 545-554.
Adeniji, C.A., Wusu, D. & Falana, O. E. (2019). Individual and Combined Effects of Moringa Leaf and Garlic Powder on Growth and Plasma Biochemical Indices of Clarias gariepinus Juveniles. American Journal of Food Science and Technology, 7(5), 137-145.
Afe, O. E., Dada, A. A. & Olufayo, M.O. (2019). Effects of varying levels of Ocimum gratissimum leaf powder on growth performance and feed utilization of Heterobranchus bidorsalis fingerlings. African Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management, 4(1), 35-42.
Agbebi, O. T., Ogunmuyiwa, T. G. & Herber, S. M. (2013). Effect of Dietary Garlic Source on Feed Utilization, Growth and Histopathology of the African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Journal of Agricultural Science, 5(5), 26-34.
Agbo, A. N. (2015). Evaluation of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam De Wit) Leafmeal in The Diet of Heterobranchus longifilis Valenciennes, 1840 Fingerlings. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Department of Biological Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, p.104.
Amisah, S., Oteng, M.A. & Ofori, J.K. (2009). Growth Performance of the African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus fed inclusion levels of Leucaena leucocephala leafmeal. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 13(1), 23-26.
Anyanwu, D.C., Udedibie, A.B., Osuigwe, D.I. & Ogwu, V.O. (2011). Haematological Responses of hybrid of Heterobranchus bidorsalis and Clarias gariepinus fed dietary levels of Carica papaya leafmeal. World Rural Observations, 3(1), 9-12.
A.O.A.C. (1990). Official Methods of Analysis. Association of Official Analytical Chemistry vol.13 Washington, USA p.1234.
Bello, O. S., Olaifa, F. E. & Emikpe, B. O. (2014). Haematological and Blood Biochemical Changes in African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus Fed Walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum Mull Arg) Leaf and Onion (Allium cepa Linn) Bulb Supplemented Diets. American Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 4(12), 1593-1603.
Blaxhall P.C. & Daisley K.W. (1973). Routine haematological methods for use with fish blood. Journal of Fish Biology, 5:771-781.
Campelo D.A.V., Gonçalves, I.S., Silva, I.C., & De Moura, L.B. (2020). Dietary garlic essential oil on development parameters of Veverum post-larvae. The Brazilian Journal of Animal Health and Production, 21:01-13.
Chowdhury, S. R., Chowdhury, S. D. & Smith, T. K. (2002). Effect of dietary garlic on cholesterol metabolism in laying hen. Journal of Poultry Science, 7(2), 122-128.
Castell, J.D. & Tiews, K. (1980). Report on the standardization of methodology of fish nutrition research. EIFAC Technical Paper, No. 36, p. 24.
Dacie, J.V. & Lewis, S.M. (2001). Practical Haematology 9th ed. Churchhill Livingstone, London, p. 633.
Imodagbe M.O., Abdullahi, S.A., Yusuf, A., Umar, R., Yusuf I.A., Wada, Y.A. & Lawal A. (2020). Impact of Garden Snail (Limicolaria flammea) Meal as Fish meal Replacement on Whole-body Biochemical Composition in Juvenile Heterobranchus bidorsalis (Mari). Nigerian Journal of Animal Science and Technology, 3(1), 69 – 79.
Irabor, A. E., Ekelemu, J. K., Ekokotu, P. A. & Nwachi, O. F. (2021). The effect of garlic concentrates on the performance of hybrid catfish fingerlings (Heterobranchus longifilis xClarias gariepinus). International Journal of Agricultural Technology, 17(2), 503-516.
Jabbi A.M., Ayeku, P.O., Asiru, R.A. & Sani K.A. (2022). Effects of Garlic (Allium sativum) on Growth and Haematological Parameters in African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Juveniles. International Journal of Science for Global Sustainability, 8(4), 19-27.
Kaur, H. & Ansal, M. (2020). Efficacy of garlic powder as a growth promoting feed additive for higher growth and improved flesh quality in an Indian Major Carp, Labeo rohita (Ham.) fingerlings. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 8(2), 25-29.
Kumar, M.R., Naik, M.R., Kota, S.K. & Prasad, G.S. (2020). Role of Phytobiotics In Aquaculture. Agriallis 2(12), 27-30.
Nwabueze, A.A. (2012). The Effect of Garlic (Allium sativum) on Growth and Haematological Parameters of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). Sustainable Agriculture Research, 1(2), 222-228.
Nwakpa, J. N. & Ikwor, T. N. (2024). Effect of Dietary Inclusion of Garlic as Additive on Growth Performance and Heamatological Parameters of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell1822) Fingerlings. Asian Science Bulletin, 2(4), 392-400.
Nya, E.J. & Austin, B. (2009). Use of garlic, Allium sativum, to control Aeromonas hydrophilainfection in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Journal of Fish Disease, 32(11), 963-970.
Nyadjeu, P., Yemdjie, D. D. M., Ndjuissi, N. A. T., Nguenang, G. N., Dedou, N. Y. C., & Tabi-Tomedi, M. E. (2021). Effect of Zingiber officinale and Allium sativum Powders as Natural Feed Additives promoting growth, feed utilization, and whole-body composition in Clarias gariepinus fry. Food and Nutrition Sciences, 12(06), 526–543.
Nyadjeu P., Arreytabe D.J., Nkongho G.O., & Tomedi-Tabi M.E. (2023). Growth and Physiological responses of Juvenile African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Fed with Dietary Supplementation of Garlic-Ginger Mixture. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, 9(2), 18-32.
Ogunji, J. & Wuertz, S. (2023). Aquaculture Development in Nigeria: The Second Biggest Aquaculture Producer in Africa. Water, 15(24), 4224.
Okorie-Kanu, C. O. & Unakalamba, N. J. (2014). Haematological and Blood Biochemistry Values of Cultured Heterobranchus longifilis in Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria. Anima Research International, 11(2), 1987 – 1993.
Ozovehe, N.B. (2013). Growth performance, haematological indices, and some biochemical enzymes of juvenile Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822) fed varying levels of Moringa oleifera leaf meal diet. Journal of Aquatic Research and Development, 4(2), 1-6.
Vigneshpriya, D. & Krishnaveni, N. (2016). The effect of garlic and onion incorporated feed on the growth and nutritional status of the fresh water fish Tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters, 1852). International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 4(5), 253-257.
WorldFish (2018). WorldFish Nigeria Strategy: 2018-2022. Penang, Malaysia: WorldFish. Strategy: 2018-09 World fish center (2018) Nigeria, p.10.
https://www.worldfishcenter.org/where-we-work/africa/nigeria assessed 07/15/2021
Wedemeyer, G.A., & Yasutake, W.T. (1977). Clinical methods for the Assessment of the effects of environmental stress on fish Health. Department of the Interior, fish and wild life service. USA. p.18.