Keywords
Commercial fishmeal, Growth indices, hybrid catfish, Insect protein
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the growth performance of hybrid African catfish (Clarias gariepinus × Heterobranchus bidorsalis) fed cockroach meal-based diet as replacement for fish meal. Four (4) isonitrogenous diets were formulated using cockroach meal to replace fish meal designated as; commercial diet (Control) as Diet A, 100% fish meal (Diet B), 100% cockroach meal (Diet C) and 50% fishmeal and 50% cockroach meal as Diet D. The diets were allotted to fingerlings of the hybrid catfish stocked in a rectangular concrete tank (2.5m × 0.7m × 0.58m deep) at seventy (70) fish per tank in triplicate. The fish were reared for three months. The result showed that final weight, specific growth rate and percentage weight gain were significantly (P>0.05) higher in the control diet and diet C. Similarly, Potassium, sodium and magnesium were also better in the control diet and diet C. Phosphorus were better in the control diet, while Calcium were higher in fish feed 100% cockroach replacing fish meal. It is therefore concluded that replacing cockroach meal with fish meal in the diet of hybrid African catfish did not improve the growth. However, cockroach meal can be combined with fish to formulate catfish diet at minimal quantity to reduce cost of protein. The Cockroach meal therefore has potential to make a considerable contribution to the production of hybrid African catfish.
References
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Abdelwahab, A. M. & El-Bahr, S. M. (2012). Influence of black cumin (Nigella sativa) seeds and turmeric (Curcuma longa) mixture on performance and serum biochemistry of Asian Sea bass (Lates calcarifer). World Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences, 4:496–503.
Abdel-Zaher, A., Mostafa, Z. M., Ahmad, M. H., Mousallamy, A. & Samir, A. (2009). Effect of using dried
fenugreek seeds as natural feed additives on growth performance, feed utilization, whole-body composition and entropathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila-challenge of monosex Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L) fingerlings. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 3(2), 1234-1245.
Aderolu, A. Z. & Sogbesan, O. A. (2010). Evaluation and potential of cocoyam as carbohydrate source in catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) juvenile diets. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 5:453-457.
Ahmad, A., Alghamdi, S.S., Mahmood, K. & Afzal, M. (2016). Fenugreek, a multipurpose crop: potentialities and improvements. Saudi Journal of Biological Science, 23:300-310. (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2015.09.015).
AOAC (2011). Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis (18th edition), Arlington, Virginia. 121 – 134.
Awad, E., Cerezuela, R. & Esteban, M. A. (2015). Effects of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) on gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) immune status and growth performance. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 45:454-464.
Bake, G. G., Martins, E. I. & Sadiku, S. O. E. (2014). Nutritional evaluation of varying levels of cooked
flamboyant (Delonix regia) seed meal on the growth performance and body composition of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings. Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 3(4), 233-239.
Davis, A. R. (2004). Correlation of plasma IGF-I concentrations and growth rate in aquaculture finfish: A tool for assessing the potential of new diets. Aquaculture, 236:583 – 592.
De Silva, S. S. (2001). Performance of Oreochromis niloticus fry maintained on mixed feeding schedules of different protein levels. Aquaculture and Fisheries, 16:621- 633.
Fountoulaki, E., Alexis, M. N., Nengas, I. & Venon, B. (2003). Effects of dietary arachidonic acid (20:4n-
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Gabriel, U. U., Akinrotimi, O. A., Bekibele, D. O., Onunkwo, D. N. & Anyanwu, P. E. (2007). Locally produced fish feed: potentials for aquaculture development in sub-Saharan Africa. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 297:287-295.
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Idowu, A. A., Popoola, O. C., Alani, J. O., Ipadeola, A. & Nwekoyo, V. E. (2020). Toxicity effect of Kigelia africana aqueous extract on the haematology and histopathology of juvenile Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Agro-Science, 19(1), 37- 42.
Liener, I. E. (2003). Plant Anti-nutritional Factors and Detoxification. Encyclopedia of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 4587-4593. (DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-227055-X/00936-6).
Madar, Z. & Stark, A. H. (2002). New legume sources as therapeutic agents. British Journal of Nutrition, 88:287-292. (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN2002719).
Mehboob, A., Khan, N., Atiq, U., Iqbal, K. J., Tayyab, R., Batool, S. S., Batool, H. S., Amjad, S. & Tanveer, M. (2017). Effect of fenugreek seeds as a feed additive on the growth, body composition and apparent nutrient digestibility of striped catfish Pangasius hypophthalmus fry. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 49 (6), 2037-2042.
Moradi-Kor, N. and Moradi, K. (2013). Physiological and pharmaceutical effects of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) as a multipurpose and valuable medicinal plant. Global Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 1:199-206.
Musa, S. M., Aura, C. M., Ogello, E. O., Omondi, R., Charo-Karisa, H. & Munguti, J. M. (2013). Haematological response of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus Burchell 1822) fingerlings exposed to different concentrations of tobacco (Nicotiana tobaccum) leaf dust. ISRN Zoology, 1-7.
Nwanna, L. C., Falaye, A. E., Olarewaju, O. J., & Oludapo, B. V. (2009). Evaluation of Nile Tilapia
(Oreochromis niloticus L) fed dietary potato peels as replacement for yellow maize. 24th Annual Conference of the Fisheries Society of Nigeria (FISON), Akure, Nigeria 25-28 October 2009, 155-158.
Okechi, J. K. (2004). Profitability assessment: A case study of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) farming in the Lake Victoria Basin, Kenya, Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI), Kisumu Research Centre, Final Project, 1- 56.
Olawepo, K. D., Banjo, O. T., Jimoh, W. A., Fawole, W. O., Orisasona, O. & Ojo-Daniel, A. H. (2014). Effect of cooking and roasting on nutritional and anti-nutritional factors in kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) seed meal. Food Science and Quality Management, 24:1-5.
Platel, K. and Srinivasan, K. (2000). Influence of dietary spices and their active principles on pancreatic digestive enzymes in albino rats. Nahrung, 44, 42-46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-3803(20000101)44:1<42::AIDFOOD42>3.0.CO;2-D.
Roohi, Z., Imanpoor, M. R., Jafari, V. & Taghizadeh, V. (2015). The use of fenugreek seed meal in fish diets: growth performance, haematological and biochemical parameters, survival and stress resistance of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L). Aquaculture Research, 2:1–7.
Sahalian, M. D. (2004). Diosgenin, a steroid saponin of Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek), inhibited azoxymethane-induced aberrant crypt foci formation in F344 rats and induced apoptosis in HT-29 human colon cancer cells. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention, 13: 1392-1398.
Samkelisiwe, N. H. & Ngonidzashe, A. M. (2014). Replacing fishmeal with kikuyu grass and moringa leaves: effects on growth, protein digestibility, histological and haematological parameters in Clarias gariepinus. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 14:795-806.
Shaikhlar, A., Alimon, A. R. and Daud, M. H. (2011). Effect of replacing fish meal by fenugreek seed meal on growth performance of African catfish, Pangasius hypophthalmus. In: 4th International Conference on Animal Nutrition (4th ICAN 2010): Sustainable feeds – Maximizing productivity and profitability, 21-23 September, 2010, Persada Johor International Convention Centre, Johor Bahru. p.277.
Shalaby, S. M. M. (2004). Response of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings fed diets supplemented with different levels of fenugreek (Hulba) seeds. Journal of AgricultureMansoura University, 29:2231-2242.
Tolan, A.E. & Sherif, A. H. (2007). Effect of some growth promoters on growth performance of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings. Arabic Journal of Aquaculture, 2(1), 89 -104.
Yilmaz, S., Ergun, S. & Celik, E. S. (2012). Effects of herbal supplements on growth performance of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): change in body composition and some blood parameters. Journal of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 1:217–222.
Yusuf, A., Umar, R., Micah, D.A. & Akpotu, J. O. (2016). Growth response and feed utilization of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) juveniles fed graded levels of boiled Senna obtusifolia L. seed meal as a replacement for soybean meal. Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research, 3(4),345-352.
Abdelwahab, A. M. & El-Bahr, S. M. (2012). Influence of black cumin (Nigella sativa) seeds and turmeric (Curcuma longa) mixture on performance and serum biochemistry of Asian Sea bass (Lates calcarifer). World Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences, 4:496–503.
Abdel-Zaher, A., Mostafa, Z. M., Ahmad, M. H., Mousallamy, A. & Samir, A. (2009). Effect of using dried
fenugreek seeds as natural feed additives on growth performance, feed utilization, whole-body composition and entropathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila-challenge of monosex Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L) fingerlings. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 3(2), 1234-1245.
Aderolu, A. Z. & Sogbesan, O. A. (2010). Evaluation and potential of cocoyam as carbohydrate source in catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) juvenile diets. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 5:453-457.
Ahmad, A., Alghamdi, S.S., Mahmood, K. & Afzal, M. (2016). Fenugreek, a multipurpose crop: potentialities and improvements. Saudi Journal of Biological Science, 23:300-310. (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2015.09.015).
AOAC (2011). Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis (18th edition), Arlington, Virginia. 121 – 134.
Awad, E., Cerezuela, R. & Esteban, M. A. (2015). Effects of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) on gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) immune status and growth performance. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 45:454-464.
Bake, G. G., Martins, E. I. & Sadiku, S. O. E. (2014). Nutritional evaluation of varying levels of cooked
flamboyant (Delonix regia) seed meal on the growth performance and body composition of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings. Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 3(4), 233-239.
Davis, A. R. (2004). Correlation of plasma IGF-I concentrations and growth rate in aquaculture finfish: A tool for assessing the potential of new diets. Aquaculture, 236:583 – 592.
De Silva, S. S. (2001). Performance of Oreochromis niloticus fry maintained on mixed feeding schedules of different protein levels. Aquaculture and Fisheries, 16:621- 633.
Fountoulaki, E., Alexis, M. N., Nengas, I. & Venon, B. (2003). Effects of dietary arachidonic acid (20:4n-
6) on growth, body composition and tissue fatty acid profile of gilthead bream (Sparus aurata L.) fingerlings. Aquaculture, 225:309-323.
Gabriel, U. U., Akinrotimi, O. A., Bekibele, D. O., Onunkwo, D. N. & Anyanwu, P. E. (2007). Locally produced fish feed: potentials for aquaculture development in sub-Saharan Africa. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 297:287-295.
Ibiyo, L. M. O. & Olowosegun, T. (2004). The potential for improving profitability in aquaculture. In: P.A. Araoye (ed.) Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference of the Fisheries Society of Nigeria, Ilorin 2004. 45-53.
Idowu, A. A., Popoola, O. C., Alani, J. O., Ipadeola, A. & Nwekoyo, V. E. (2020). Toxicity effect of Kigelia africana aqueous extract on the haematology and histopathology of juvenile Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Agro-Science, 19(1), 37- 42.
Liener, I. E. (2003). Plant Anti-nutritional Factors and Detoxification. Encyclopedia of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 4587-4593. (DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-227055-X/00936-6).
Madar, Z. & Stark, A. H. (2002). New legume sources as therapeutic agents. British Journal of Nutrition, 88:287-292. (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN2002719).
Mehboob, A., Khan, N., Atiq, U., Iqbal, K. J., Tayyab, R., Batool, S. S., Batool, H. S., Amjad, S. & Tanveer, M. (2017). Effect of fenugreek seeds as a feed additive on the growth, body composition and apparent nutrient digestibility of striped catfish Pangasius hypophthalmus fry. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 49 (6), 2037-2042.
Moradi-Kor, N. and Moradi, K. (2013). Physiological and pharmaceutical effects of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) as a multipurpose and valuable medicinal plant. Global Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 1:199-206.
Musa, S. M., Aura, C. M., Ogello, E. O., Omondi, R., Charo-Karisa, H. & Munguti, J. M. (2013). Haematological response of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus Burchell 1822) fingerlings exposed to different concentrations of tobacco (Nicotiana tobaccum) leaf dust. ISRN Zoology, 1-7.
Nwanna, L. C., Falaye, A. E., Olarewaju, O. J., & Oludapo, B. V. (2009). Evaluation of Nile Tilapia
(Oreochromis niloticus L) fed dietary potato peels as replacement for yellow maize. 24th Annual Conference of the Fisheries Society of Nigeria (FISON), Akure, Nigeria 25-28 October 2009, 155-158.
Okechi, J. K. (2004). Profitability assessment: A case study of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) farming in the Lake Victoria Basin, Kenya, Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI), Kisumu Research Centre, Final Project, 1- 56.
Olawepo, K. D., Banjo, O. T., Jimoh, W. A., Fawole, W. O., Orisasona, O. & Ojo-Daniel, A. H. (2014). Effect of cooking and roasting on nutritional and anti-nutritional factors in kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) seed meal. Food Science and Quality Management, 24:1-5.
Platel, K. and Srinivasan, K. (2000). Influence of dietary spices and their active principles on pancreatic digestive enzymes in albino rats. Nahrung, 44, 42-46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-3803(20000101)44:1<42::AIDFOOD42>3.0.CO;2-D.
Roohi, Z., Imanpoor, M. R., Jafari, V. & Taghizadeh, V. (2015). The use of fenugreek seed meal in fish diets: growth performance, haematological and biochemical parameters, survival and stress resistance of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L). Aquaculture Research, 2:1–7.
Sahalian, M. D. (2004). Diosgenin, a steroid saponin of Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek), inhibited azoxymethane-induced aberrant crypt foci formation in F344 rats and induced apoptosis in HT-29 human colon cancer cells. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention, 13: 1392-1398.
Samkelisiwe, N. H. & Ngonidzashe, A. M. (2014). Replacing fishmeal with kikuyu grass and moringa leaves: effects on growth, protein digestibility, histological and haematological parameters in Clarias gariepinus. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 14:795-806.
Shaikhlar, A., Alimon, A. R. and Daud, M. H. (2011). Effect of replacing fish meal by fenugreek seed meal on growth performance of African catfish, Pangasius hypophthalmus. In: 4th International Conference on Animal Nutrition (4th ICAN 2010): Sustainable feeds – Maximizing productivity and profitability, 21-23 September, 2010, Persada Johor International Convention Centre, Johor Bahru. p.277.
Shalaby, S. M. M. (2004). Response of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings fed diets supplemented with different levels of fenugreek (Hulba) seeds. Journal of AgricultureMansoura University, 29:2231-2242.
Tolan, A.E. & Sherif, A. H. (2007). Effect of some growth promoters on growth performance of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings. Arabic Journal of Aquaculture, 2(1), 89 -104.
Yilmaz, S., Ergun, S. & Celik, E. S. (2012). Effects of herbal supplements on growth performance of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): change in body composition and some blood parameters. Journal of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 1:217–222.
Yusuf, A., Umar, R., Micah, D.A. & Akpotu, J. O. (2016). Growth response and feed utilization of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) juveniles fed graded levels of boiled Senna obtusifolia L. seed meal as a replacement for soybean meal. Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research, 3(4),345-352.