Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the levels of some heavy metals (Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Lead and Mercury) in Lagos Lagoon. Samples of water, sediments, and flesh of O. niloticus were collected monthly between May 2017 and February 2018 from Makoko, Majidun and Bayeku segment of the Lagoon. The results showed high mean concentrations of Turbidity, Total Suspended Solids and Total Dissolved Solids across the stations (5NTU, 4881.8±1801.04mg/L, and 804±90.146mg/L respectively). Makoko recorded the lowest (6.0) pH levels and highest (15 mg/L) Biochemical Oxygen Demand. The highest level of Arsenic (0.012 ± 0.003mg/kg), Chromium (0.009 ± 0.000 mg/kg) and Lead (0.042 ± 0.007mg/kg) in O. niloticus flesh were recorded Makoko segment, while Bayeku had higher (0.011 ± 0.004mg/kg) level of Cadmium in all the three stations. The mean concentration of heavy metals in sediments ranged from Arsenic (0.009 ± 0.004mg/kg to 0.011 ± 0.004mg/kg), Cadmium (0.007 ± 0.003mg/kg to 0.020 ± 0.012mg/kg), Chromium (0.007 ± 0.003mg/kg to 0.013 ± 0.007mg/kg), and Lead (0.012 ± 0.002mg/kg to 0.075 ± 0.030mg/kg), while Mercury was generally below detectable levels. This study indicated that concentrations of heavy metals are increasing, most especially in Makoko and Bayeku. However, fish from these stations had Cadmium and Arsenic that exceeded the maximum permissible limits set by WHO for drinking water, hence pose health risk. However, it is advisable that domestic and industrial users treat their wastes before discharge into the lagoon while governments should re-enforce pollution control and discharge regulations.
References
Agatha, A. N. (2010). Levels of Some Heavy Metals in Tissues of Bonga Fish, Ethmallosa fimbriata from Forcados River. Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences,1: 44 - 47.
Agboola J. I., Anetekhai, M. A.& Denloye, A. A. B. (2008). Aspect of the Ecology and Fishes of Badagry Creek (Nigeria). Journals of Fisheries Aquaculture Science, 3: 8-16.
Ajit, M. K. & Padmakar, A. S. (2012). Determination of Physio-chemical Parameters of Deoli Bhorus Dam Water. Adv. Appl. Sci. Res., 3(1), 273-279.
Ani, C., Okogwu, O.I. Nwonumara, G.N. Nwani, C.D. & Nwinyimagu, A. I. (2016). Evaluation of Physio-Chemical Parameters of Selected Rivers in Ebonyi State Southeast, Nigeria. Green. J. Biol. Sci., 6(2), 34-41.
Anim, A. K., Ahialey, E. K., Duodu, G.O., Ackah, M. & Bentil, N.O. (2010). Accumulation Profile of Heavy Metals in Fish Samples from Nsawam, along the Densu River, Ghana. Research Journal of Environmental and Earth Sciences, 3: 56-60.
APHA (1998). Standard Methods for The Examination of Water and Waste Water. 14th edition, Washington DC. 1007-1157.
Authman, M. & Abbas, H. (2007). Accumulation and Distribution of Copper and Zinc in Both Water and Some Vital Tissues of Two Fish Species (Tilapia zilii and Mugil cephalus) of Lake Qarun, Fayoum province, Egypt. Pakistan Journal of Biological Science,10:13-19.
Boyd, C. E. (1981). Water Quality Management for Pond Fish Culture. Aquac. Fish. Sci., 9: 34- 44.
Duruibe, J.O., Ogwuegbu, M.O.C. & Egwurugwu, J. N. (2007). Metal Pollution and Human Biotoxic Effects. Int. J. Physic. Sci., 2 (5),112-118.
Ejike, L.O. & Liman, M.G. (2017). Determination of Heavy Metals in Selected Fish Species Found in Kwalkwalara River, Dundaye, Sokoto State. IOSR J. Appl. Chem., 10(1), 38-42.
Ekpo, I.E., Chude, L.A. Onuoha, G.C. & Udoh, J. P. (2012). Studies on the physico-chemical Characteristics and Nutrients of a Tropical Rainforest River in Southeast Nigeria. Aquac. Aquar. Conserv. Legis. Int. J. Bioflux Soc., 5(3),142–162.
Etim, E.E., R. Odoh, A.U. Hodo, S.D. Umoh, & Lawal, U. (2013). Water quality Index for the Assessment of Water Quality from Different Sources in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. Front. Sci., 3(3),89 - 95.
Ewebiyi, F.O., Appah, J. & Ajibade, G. A. (2015). Contribution of Physic-chemical Parameters of Water Bodies to Taxonomy, Distribution and Diversity of Phytoplankton within Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria. J. Environ. Health Sci., 5(18), 20-28.
FAO/WHO (2011). Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods. 5th Session, The Hague Netherlands, 21-25 March, 2011,ftp://ftp.fao.org/codex/meetings/CCCF/cccf5/cf05_INF.pdf.
FEPA (1999). National Guidelines and Standard for Water. FEPA Quality in Nigeria., Lagos, Nigeria, p.114.
FEPA (2001). Parameters of Water Quality Interpretation and Standards. Published by the Environmental Protection Agency, Ireland, 206 -232.
Friday, U.O., Wokoma, A. F. & Edoghotu, A. J. (2013). Levels of bioaccumulation of some heavy metals in fish (Tilapia zilli) and their Concentration in Water and Sediment of Owudu creek, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Resour. Environ., 3: 59-64.
Kara, Y., Kara, I. & Basaran, D. (2004). Investigation of Some Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Water in the Lake Isykli in Denizli, Turkey. Int. J. Agric. Biol., 6(2), 275-277.
Lawson, E.O. (2011). Physico-Chemical Parameters and Heavy Metal Contents of Water from the Mangrove Swamps of Lagos Lagoon, Lagos, Nigeria. Advances in Biological Research 5(1), 8-21.
Matta, G., Srivastava, S., Pandey, R.R. & Saini, K. K. (2017). Assessment of Physico-chemical Characteristics of Ganga Canal Water Quality in Uttarakhand. Environ Dev. Sustain., 19: 419-431.
Mekuleyi, G.O., Anetekhai, M.A., Aderinola, O.J. & Adu, A. A. (2019). Environmental Health Status of Some Aquatic Ecosystems in Badagry Division of Lagos State, Southwest, Nigeria. International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology., 4(4), 93-102.
Mekuleyi, G.O., Yaji, A.J. & Adelere, F. I. (2021). Comparative Assessment of Well-being of Chrysichthys filamentosus, Kribia nana and Pegusa lascaris from Tomaro, Ajegunle and Badagry Creeks in Lagos, Nigeria. Bangladesh Journal of Fisheries, 33(1), 1-12.
Ndimele P. E. & Kumolu-Johnson, C. A. (2012). Some Aspect of Physico-chemistry and Heavy Metal Content of Water, Sediment and Cynothrissa mento (Regan, 1917) from Badagry Creek, Lagos, Nigeria. Trends in Applied Sciences Research 7(9), 724-736.
Ndimele, P.E., Pedro, M.O., Agboola, J.I., Chukwuka, K.S.& Ekwu, A.O. (2017). Heavy Metal Accumulation in Organs of Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) from Industrial Effluent-Polluted Aquatic Ecosystem in Lagos, Nigeria. SpringerPlus,189: 25-32
Ogundele,O. & Mekuleyi, G.O. (2018). Physico-Chemical Properties and Heavy metals Concentration in Waste Water Discharged from two Industries in Agbara, Lagos, Nigeria. International Research Journal of Public and Environmental Health, 5(3), 32-37.
Oguzie, F. A. & Izevbigie, E. E. (2009). Heavy Metals Concentration in the Organs of the Silver Catfish, Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus (Lacepede) Caught Upstream of the Ikpoba River and the Reservoir in Benin City. Bioscience Research Communications, 21:189-197.
Okorafor, K.A., Effanga, E.O. Andem, A.B., George, U.U. & Amos, D. I. (2013). Spatial Variation in Physical and Chemical Parameters and Macroinvertebrates in the Intertidal Regions of Calabar River, Nigeria. Green. J. Geol. Earth Sci., 1(2), 063-072.
Oluyemi, E. A., Adekunle, A. S., Adenuga, A. A. & Makinde, W. O. (2010). Physico-chemical Properties and Heavy Metal Content of Water Sources in Ifane North Local Government Area of Osun State, Nigeria. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology,4(10), 691-697.
Ozturk, M., Ozozen, G., Minareci, O. & Minareci, E. (2009). Determination of Heavy Metals in Fish, Water and Sediments of Avsar Dam Lake in Turkey. Iranian Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 6:73-80.
Pollock, M.S., L., Clarke, M. J. & Duber, M.G. (2007). The Effects of Hypoxia on fishes: from Ecological Relevance to Physiological effects. Environ. Rev., 15: 1-14.