Keywords
Biochemical
Clarias gariepinus
Curcuma longa
Heamatological and Pyxicephalus adspersus
Clarias gariepinus
Curcuma longa
Heamatological and Pyxicephalus adspersus
Abstract
Studies on the combination effect of Pyxicephalus adspersus meal as fishmeal replacement and Curcuma longa as an additive on the Clarias gariepinus are scarce. This feeding trial was conducted to ascertain the impact of incorporating various inclusion levels of Pyxicephalus adspersus and Curcuma longa as an additive on specific hematological and biochemical parameters of Clarias gariepinus juveniles. Six iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric diets of approximately 44% crude protein were compounded at C1 (control) basal diet of 100% fishmeal, T1 (basal diet + Curcuma longa), T2 (basal diet + 25% Pyxicephalus adspersus meal, Curcuma longa), T3 (basal diet + 50% Pyxicephalus adspersus meal, Curcuma longa), T4 (basal diet + 75% Pyxicephalus adspersus meal, Curcuma longa), and T5 (basal diet + 100% Pyxicephalus adspersus meal, Curcuma longa). A total of 180 juveniles of Clarias gariepinus weighing approximately 34.20 g were allotted into twelve rectangular plastic tanks and fed twice daily at 5% body weight for 24 weeks. The results showed that fish fed a 25% Pyxicephalus adspersus meal and a Curcuma longa basal diet had the best weight gain of 265.6 g. Blood samples of the fish were randomly collected to determine the blood indices such as white blood cell, red blood cell, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, and Alanine transaminase, Aspartate transaminase, Alkaline phosphatase using standard methods. Mean corpuscular volume and hematocrit were significantly different (p < 0.05). This research revealed that a combination of Pyxicephalus adspersus and Curcuma longa as an additive altered some blood parameters of Clarias gariepinus without adverse effects.
References
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Abdel-Tawwab, M., Adeshina, I., Jenyo-Oni, A., Ajani, E. K. & Emikpe, B. O. (2018). Growth, Physiological, Antioxidants, and Immune Response of African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus to Dietary Clove Basil Ocimum gratissimum, Leaf Extract and its Susceptibility to Listeria Monocytogenes Infection. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, pp.346-354 doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2018.04.057.
Abosede, O. O., Afusat, J. J., Oluwatobi, F. A. & Augustine, A. A. (2016). Cadmium Bio-accumulation and the Associated Biomarkers in Edible Frog Species (Hoplobatrachus occipitalis) in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. World Vet Journal, 6(2), 70-79.
Adeshina, I., Adewale, Y. A. & Tiamiyu, L. O. (2017). Growth Performance and Innate Immune Response of C. gariepinus Infected with Aeromonas hydrophila Fed Diets Fortified with Curcuma longa Leaf. West African Journal of Applied Ecology, 25(2), 87–99.
Adesina, S. A. (2017). Hematological and Serum Biochemical Profile of C. gariepinus Juveniles Fed Diets Containing Different Inclusion Levels of Mechanically Extracted Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) Seed Meal. Applied Tropical Agriculture, 22(2), 24-35.
Ajiboye, A. O. (2009). Reproductive Biology and Growth Performance of Synodontis nigrita Raised on Different Dietary Crude Protein Levels. PhD. Thesis. University of Ibadan, Nigeria. pp. 170.
Ajima, M. N., Ogo, O. A., Audu, B. S. & Ugwoegbu, K. C. (2015). Chronic Diclofenac (DCF) Exposure Alters Both Enzymatic and Hematological Profile of African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Drug Chem. Toxicol., 38:383-390.
Allain, C. C., Poon, L. S, Chan, C. S. G., Richmond, W. & Fu P. C. (1974). Enzymatic Determination of Total Serum Cholesterol. Clinical Chemistry, 20:470 – 475.
Amphibian Special Group (2014). International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN SSC) Bokermannohyla Sagarana. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014:Et45727618A45727621
Anene, A., Okorie, E. O., Ajima M. N. O. & Onyemaonwu, J. (2021). Dietary Supplement of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) Powder: Impact on Hematological and Biochemical Response in Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) fingerlings. Aquaculture Studies, 22(2), AQUAST714 http://doi.org/10.4194/AQUAST714.
Bawa, S.B. & Muhammad, M.A. (2021). Physiological Effects of Ricinus communis Seed Oil and its Antifertility Potentials on Female Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) Broodstock. Nigerian Journal of Fisheries and Aquaculture, 9(1&2), 22-29.
Bradford, M. M. (1976). A Rapid and Sensitive Method for the Quantitation of Microgram Quantities of Protein Utilizing the Principle of Protein-Dye Dinding. Analytical Biochemistry, 72:248-254.
Copper, G. R. & McDonald, V. (1970). Estimation of biochemical parameters. In McDonald R.P, Ed. Standard Methods of Clinical Chemistry. New York: Academic Press, pp.162.
Dacie, J. V. and Lewis, S. M. (2001). Practical Heamtology 9 ed. Churchill Livingstone London. pp. 633.
Dewi, C. D., Ekastuti, D. R., Sudrajat, A. O. & Manalu, W. (2018). Improve Vitellogenesis, Gonad Development, and Egg Diameter in Catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) Supplemented with Turmeric (Curcuma longa) Powder. Aquaculture Research, 49:651-658.
Douglas, J. W. & Jane, K. W. (2010). In Schalm’s Veterinary Hematology. John Wiley and Sons. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, pp.1232.
Essey, O. A., Lowky, O. H. & Brock, M. I. (1974). A Method for the Rapid Determination of Alkaline Phosphatase with Five Cubic Millimeters of Serum. Journal of Biology and Chemistry, 164:321-329.
Fawole, F. J., Adeoye, A. A., Tiamiyu, L. O., Samuel, F. C., Omosuyi, O. M. & Amuse, M. T. (2020). Dietary Combination of Pawpaw Seed and Onion Peel Powder Impact on Growth, Hematology, Biochemical and Antioxidant Status of Clarias gariepinus. Aquaculture Research, 51(7), 2903–2912.
Fawole, F. J., Sahu, N. P., Pal, A. K. & Ravindran, A. (2016). Haemato-Immunological Response of Labeo rohita (Hamilton) Fingerlings Fed Leaf Extracts and Challenged by Aeromonas hydrophila. Aquaculture Research, 4:3788-3799.
Gana, A. B. & Ndako, M. Z. (2019). Hematological Indices and Proximate Composition of C. gariepinus Fingerlings Fed Different Inclusion Levels of Tadpole Meal. Nigerian Journal of Agriculture, Food and Environment, 15(1), 58-63.
Henry, J. B. (1974). Clinical Diagnosis and Management, 17th ed. W.B Saunders Philadelphia. Pp. 16–23.
Hewlings, S. J. & Kalman, D. S. (2017). Curcumin: A Review of its Effects on Human Health. Foods, 6:92-95.
Hindatu, A. & Solomon, R.J. (2017). The use of Tadpole Meal as a Substitute for Fish Meal in Diet of Clarias gariepinus Fingerlings. Journal of Agriculture and Food Science, 5(1), 35-48.
Houston, A. H. (1997). Review: Are the Classical Haematological Variable Acceptable Indicators of Fish? Transaction of American Fisheries Society, 126: pp. 879–894.
Ibiyo, L. M. O. (2016). Hints of Fish Nutrition. Easy Open Printing and Publisher, Nigeria, pp. 48.
Ismail, T., Nassef, E.D., Hegazi, E.S., Bakr, A.N. & Moustaf, E.M. (2019). The Modulatory Effect of Dietary Betaine on Intestinal Absorptive Capacity, Iipogenesis and Expression of Lipid Metabolism and Growth-Related Genes in Nile Tilapia Fed on Soybean Meal Based Diet. Slovenian Veterinary Research, 56: pp. 22–26.
Jahanbakhshi, A., Imanpoor, M. R., Taghizadeh, V., & Shabani, A. (2013). Hematological and Serum Biochemical Indices Changes Induce By Replacing Fish Meal with Plant Protein (Sesame et al.) in the Great Sturgeon (Huso huso). Comparative Clinical Pathology, 22(6), 1087–1092.
Jeney, G. (2017). Fish Diseases disease prevention and control strategies. Academic Press, London Wall, pp.8.
Jimmy, U., Tiamiyu, L.O. & Solomon, S. G. (2018). Growth Performance of Catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) Juveniles Fed Processed Toad Meal Based Diet. Asian Fisheries Sciences, 31:32-44.
Kumar, S., Raman, R. P., Pandey, P. K., Mohanty, S., Kumar, A. & Kumar, K. (2003). Effect of Orally Administered Azadirachtin on Non-specific Immune Parameters of Goldfish Carassius auratus (Linn., 1758) and Resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish and shellfish Immunology, 34: pp. 564–573.
Larsson, A., Haux, C. & Sjobeck, M. (1985). Fish Physiology and Metal Pollution Results and Experience from Laboratory and Field Studies. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 9: 250-281.
Mooraki, N., Batmany, Y., Zoriehzahra, S. J. & Kakoolaki, S. H. (2018). Evaluating the Effect of Using Turmeric (Curcuma longa) on Growth Performance and Hematological Parameters of the Ornamental Fish Green Terror (Andinocara rivulatus). Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences, 5(2), 37-47.
Mousa, M. A. & Khattab, Y. A. (2003). The Counteracting Effect of Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) on the Physiological Perturbations Induced by Ochratoxin Intoxication in African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Journal of Egypt Academy and Environmental Development, 4: 117–128.
Olaniyi, C. O., Atoyebi, M. W., Obafunmiso, H. T., & Salaam, K. A. (2020). Effect of Ginger Zingiber officinale in the Nutrition of African Catfish- A Cholesterol Reducer and Fertility Enhancer. International Journal of Aquatic Fish Sciences, 6(2), 21-28.
Olanrewaju, A.N., Kareem, O.K., Mohammed, A.A., Orisasona, O., Ibrahim, A.G.S. & Abdulazeez, K.A. (2018). Hematological and Serum Biochemical Profiles of Heterotis niloticus (Cuvier, 1829) from Lake Alan Maiduguri, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Fisheries and Aquaculture, 6(2), 1-10.
Orji, E. A., Ossai, N. I., Orji, C. T., Ezinwa, H. C. & Ike, C. C. (2023). Effects of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) Root Powder Supplementation in Diets Fed to the African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus Burchell, 1822). Animal Research International, 20(3), 5107-5118.
Oyegoke, O.O., Akintola, A.J., Temenu, O.O & Olaniran, A.O. (2014). Growth Performance, Hematological and Biochemical Study of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) Fingerlings Fed Formulated Rana galamensis (Galam) Meals. International Journal of Applied Agriculture and Apiculture Research, 10(1&2), 171-179.
Pandey, P. K., Ajima M. N. O., Kumar K., Poojary, N. & Kumar, S. (2017). Evaluation of DNA Damage and Physiological Responses in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) Exposed to Sub-lethal Diclofenac (DCF), Aquatic Toxicology, 186: 205-214.
Racicot, J. G., Gaudet M. & Leray, C. (1975). Blood and Liver Enzymes in Rainbow Trout (Salom gairdneri Rich.) with Emphasis on their Diagnostic Use: Study of CC14 Toxicity and a Case of Aeromonas Infection. Journal of Fish Biology, 7: 825-835.
Sodamola, M. O, Jimoh, W. A., Adejola, Y. A., Akinbola, D. D., Olanrewaju, A., & Apiakason, E. (2016). Effect of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) Root Power (TRP) on the Growth Performance, Hematology, and Serum Biochemistry of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Academia Journal of Agricultural Research, 4(9), 593-596.
Suleiman, B., Musa, S. P. & Bashir, A. Y. (2019). Effect of Castor (Ricinus communis) Seed Oil on the Hematological Parameters of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758). The Journal of Agricultural Science- Sri Lanka, 14(3), 165-171.
Williams, B. B., Olaosebikan, B. D., Adeleke, A. & Fagbenro, O. A. (2007). Status of African Catfish Farming in Nigeria. Proceedings of the Workshop on the Development of Genetic Improvement Program for African Catfish, (Clarias gariepinus), November 5-9, 2007, Accra Ghana, pp. 49-56.
Yamin, A. Naz, S., Hussain, R., Rehman, T. & Shaheen, A. (2020). Exposure to Low Concentration of Heavy Metals Alone and in Combination Induces Histopathological and Genotoxic Effects in Fish (Labeo rohita). Advancement in Life Sciences, 7(4), 240–246.
Zhu, Y. G., Chen, X. C., Chen, Z. Z., Zeng, Y. Q., Shi, G. B., Su, Y. H. & Peng, X. (2004). Curcumin Protects Mitochondria from Oxidative Damage and Attenuates Apoptosis in Cortical Neurons. Acta Pharmacology Science, 25:1606-1612.
Abdel-Tawwab, M., Adeshina, I., Jenyo-Oni, A., Ajani, E. K. & Emikpe, B. O. (2018). Growth, Physiological, Antioxidants, and Immune Response of African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus to Dietary Clove Basil Ocimum gratissimum, Leaf Extract and its Susceptibility to Listeria Monocytogenes Infection. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, pp.346-354 doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2018.04.057.
Abosede, O. O., Afusat, J. J., Oluwatobi, F. A. & Augustine, A. A. (2016). Cadmium Bio-accumulation and the Associated Biomarkers in Edible Frog Species (Hoplobatrachus occipitalis) in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. World Vet Journal, 6(2), 70-79.
Adeshina, I., Adewale, Y. A. & Tiamiyu, L. O. (2017). Growth Performance and Innate Immune Response of C. gariepinus Infected with Aeromonas hydrophila Fed Diets Fortified with Curcuma longa Leaf. West African Journal of Applied Ecology, 25(2), 87–99.
Adesina, S. A. (2017). Hematological and Serum Biochemical Profile of C. gariepinus Juveniles Fed Diets Containing Different Inclusion Levels of Mechanically Extracted Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) Seed Meal. Applied Tropical Agriculture, 22(2), 24-35.
Ajiboye, A. O. (2009). Reproductive Biology and Growth Performance of Synodontis nigrita Raised on Different Dietary Crude Protein Levels. PhD. Thesis. University of Ibadan, Nigeria. pp. 170.
Ajima, M. N., Ogo, O. A., Audu, B. S. & Ugwoegbu, K. C. (2015). Chronic Diclofenac (DCF) Exposure Alters Both Enzymatic and Hematological Profile of African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Drug Chem. Toxicol., 38:383-390.
Allain, C. C., Poon, L. S, Chan, C. S. G., Richmond, W. & Fu P. C. (1974). Enzymatic Determination of Total Serum Cholesterol. Clinical Chemistry, 20:470 – 475.
Amphibian Special Group (2014). International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN SSC) Bokermannohyla Sagarana. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014:Et45727618A45727621
Anene, A., Okorie, E. O., Ajima M. N. O. & Onyemaonwu, J. (2021). Dietary Supplement of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) Powder: Impact on Hematological and Biochemical Response in Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) fingerlings. Aquaculture Studies, 22(2), AQUAST714 http://doi.org/10.4194/AQUAST714.
Bawa, S.B. & Muhammad, M.A. (2021). Physiological Effects of Ricinus communis Seed Oil and its Antifertility Potentials on Female Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) Broodstock. Nigerian Journal of Fisheries and Aquaculture, 9(1&2), 22-29.
Bradford, M. M. (1976). A Rapid and Sensitive Method for the Quantitation of Microgram Quantities of Protein Utilizing the Principle of Protein-Dye Dinding. Analytical Biochemistry, 72:248-254.
Copper, G. R. & McDonald, V. (1970). Estimation of biochemical parameters. In McDonald R.P, Ed. Standard Methods of Clinical Chemistry. New York: Academic Press, pp.162.
Dacie, J. V. and Lewis, S. M. (2001). Practical Heamtology 9 ed. Churchill Livingstone London. pp. 633.
Dewi, C. D., Ekastuti, D. R., Sudrajat, A. O. & Manalu, W. (2018). Improve Vitellogenesis, Gonad Development, and Egg Diameter in Catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) Supplemented with Turmeric (Curcuma longa) Powder. Aquaculture Research, 49:651-658.
Douglas, J. W. & Jane, K. W. (2010). In Schalm’s Veterinary Hematology. John Wiley and Sons. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, pp.1232.
Essey, O. A., Lowky, O. H. & Brock, M. I. (1974). A Method for the Rapid Determination of Alkaline Phosphatase with Five Cubic Millimeters of Serum. Journal of Biology and Chemistry, 164:321-329.
Fawole, F. J., Adeoye, A. A., Tiamiyu, L. O., Samuel, F. C., Omosuyi, O. M. & Amuse, M. T. (2020). Dietary Combination of Pawpaw Seed and Onion Peel Powder Impact on Growth, Hematology, Biochemical and Antioxidant Status of Clarias gariepinus. Aquaculture Research, 51(7), 2903–2912.
Fawole, F. J., Sahu, N. P., Pal, A. K. & Ravindran, A. (2016). Haemato-Immunological Response of Labeo rohita (Hamilton) Fingerlings Fed Leaf Extracts and Challenged by Aeromonas hydrophila. Aquaculture Research, 4:3788-3799.
Gana, A. B. & Ndako, M. Z. (2019). Hematological Indices and Proximate Composition of C. gariepinus Fingerlings Fed Different Inclusion Levels of Tadpole Meal. Nigerian Journal of Agriculture, Food and Environment, 15(1), 58-63.
Henry, J. B. (1974). Clinical Diagnosis and Management, 17th ed. W.B Saunders Philadelphia. Pp. 16–23.
Hewlings, S. J. & Kalman, D. S. (2017). Curcumin: A Review of its Effects on Human Health. Foods, 6:92-95.
Hindatu, A. & Solomon, R.J. (2017). The use of Tadpole Meal as a Substitute for Fish Meal in Diet of Clarias gariepinus Fingerlings. Journal of Agriculture and Food Science, 5(1), 35-48.
Houston, A. H. (1997). Review: Are the Classical Haematological Variable Acceptable Indicators of Fish? Transaction of American Fisheries Society, 126: pp. 879–894.
Ibiyo, L. M. O. (2016). Hints of Fish Nutrition. Easy Open Printing and Publisher, Nigeria, pp. 48.
Ismail, T., Nassef, E.D., Hegazi, E.S., Bakr, A.N. & Moustaf, E.M. (2019). The Modulatory Effect of Dietary Betaine on Intestinal Absorptive Capacity, Iipogenesis and Expression of Lipid Metabolism and Growth-Related Genes in Nile Tilapia Fed on Soybean Meal Based Diet. Slovenian Veterinary Research, 56: pp. 22–26.
Jahanbakhshi, A., Imanpoor, M. R., Taghizadeh, V., & Shabani, A. (2013). Hematological and Serum Biochemical Indices Changes Induce By Replacing Fish Meal with Plant Protein (Sesame et al.) in the Great Sturgeon (Huso huso). Comparative Clinical Pathology, 22(6), 1087–1092.
Jeney, G. (2017). Fish Diseases disease prevention and control strategies. Academic Press, London Wall, pp.8.
Jimmy, U., Tiamiyu, L.O. & Solomon, S. G. (2018). Growth Performance of Catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) Juveniles Fed Processed Toad Meal Based Diet. Asian Fisheries Sciences, 31:32-44.
Kumar, S., Raman, R. P., Pandey, P. K., Mohanty, S., Kumar, A. & Kumar, K. (2003). Effect of Orally Administered Azadirachtin on Non-specific Immune Parameters of Goldfish Carassius auratus (Linn., 1758) and Resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish and shellfish Immunology, 34: pp. 564–573.
Larsson, A., Haux, C. & Sjobeck, M. (1985). Fish Physiology and Metal Pollution Results and Experience from Laboratory and Field Studies. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 9: 250-281.
Mooraki, N., Batmany, Y., Zoriehzahra, S. J. & Kakoolaki, S. H. (2018). Evaluating the Effect of Using Turmeric (Curcuma longa) on Growth Performance and Hematological Parameters of the Ornamental Fish Green Terror (Andinocara rivulatus). Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences, 5(2), 37-47.
Mousa, M. A. & Khattab, Y. A. (2003). The Counteracting Effect of Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) on the Physiological Perturbations Induced by Ochratoxin Intoxication in African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Journal of Egypt Academy and Environmental Development, 4: 117–128.
Olaniyi, C. O., Atoyebi, M. W., Obafunmiso, H. T., & Salaam, K. A. (2020). Effect of Ginger Zingiber officinale in the Nutrition of African Catfish- A Cholesterol Reducer and Fertility Enhancer. International Journal of Aquatic Fish Sciences, 6(2), 21-28.
Olanrewaju, A.N., Kareem, O.K., Mohammed, A.A., Orisasona, O., Ibrahim, A.G.S. & Abdulazeez, K.A. (2018). Hematological and Serum Biochemical Profiles of Heterotis niloticus (Cuvier, 1829) from Lake Alan Maiduguri, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Fisheries and Aquaculture, 6(2), 1-10.
Orji, E. A., Ossai, N. I., Orji, C. T., Ezinwa, H. C. & Ike, C. C. (2023). Effects of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) Root Powder Supplementation in Diets Fed to the African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus Burchell, 1822). Animal Research International, 20(3), 5107-5118.
Oyegoke, O.O., Akintola, A.J., Temenu, O.O & Olaniran, A.O. (2014). Growth Performance, Hematological and Biochemical Study of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) Fingerlings Fed Formulated Rana galamensis (Galam) Meals. International Journal of Applied Agriculture and Apiculture Research, 10(1&2), 171-179.
Pandey, P. K., Ajima M. N. O., Kumar K., Poojary, N. & Kumar, S. (2017). Evaluation of DNA Damage and Physiological Responses in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) Exposed to Sub-lethal Diclofenac (DCF), Aquatic Toxicology, 186: 205-214.
Racicot, J. G., Gaudet M. & Leray, C. (1975). Blood and Liver Enzymes in Rainbow Trout (Salom gairdneri Rich.) with Emphasis on their Diagnostic Use: Study of CC14 Toxicity and a Case of Aeromonas Infection. Journal of Fish Biology, 7: 825-835.
Sodamola, M. O, Jimoh, W. A., Adejola, Y. A., Akinbola, D. D., Olanrewaju, A., & Apiakason, E. (2016). Effect of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) Root Power (TRP) on the Growth Performance, Hematology, and Serum Biochemistry of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Academia Journal of Agricultural Research, 4(9), 593-596.
Suleiman, B., Musa, S. P. & Bashir, A. Y. (2019). Effect of Castor (Ricinus communis) Seed Oil on the Hematological Parameters of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758). The Journal of Agricultural Science- Sri Lanka, 14(3), 165-171.
Williams, B. B., Olaosebikan, B. D., Adeleke, A. & Fagbenro, O. A. (2007). Status of African Catfish Farming in Nigeria. Proceedings of the Workshop on the Development of Genetic Improvement Program for African Catfish, (Clarias gariepinus), November 5-9, 2007, Accra Ghana, pp. 49-56.
Yamin, A. Naz, S., Hussain, R., Rehman, T. & Shaheen, A. (2020). Exposure to Low Concentration of Heavy Metals Alone and in Combination Induces Histopathological and Genotoxic Effects in Fish (Labeo rohita). Advancement in Life Sciences, 7(4), 240–246.
Zhu, Y. G., Chen, X. C., Chen, Z. Z., Zeng, Y. Q., Shi, G. B., Su, Y. H. & Peng, X. (2004). Curcumin Protects Mitochondria from Oxidative Damage and Attenuates Apoptosis in Cortical Neurons. Acta Pharmacology Science, 25:1606-1612.