Keywords
Molecular detection
C. nigrodigitatus
Resistant genes
Synthetic antibiotics
Bacteria isolates
C. nigrodigitatus
Resistant genes
Synthetic antibiotics
Bacteria isolates
Abstract
In this study, bacteria were isolated from the skin, gills, and intestines of Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus collected from Ogun River, and their resistance to tetracycline and sensitivity to various synthetic antibiotics were investigated. Samples were cultured on selective media, and bacterial isolates were identified through biochemical and molecular analyses. A total of 45 samples, including skin, gill, and intestine tissues, were microbiologically analyzed. The mean values of body weight, total length, and standard length of the fish samples were 147.99±66.41g, 26.55±5.55cm, and 20.05±4.13cm, respectively. Physical and chemical parameters of the river during the study included a water temperature of 29.0°C, pH of 7.8, dissolved oxygen at 4.9 mg/l, and ammonia at 2.3 µg/dL. The total mean bacterial count was highest in the intestine (1.36 ± 0.27 x 10⁵ CFU/g), followed by the gill (1.06 ± 0.20 x 10⁵ CFU/g) and the skin (0.77 ± 0.21 x 10⁵ CFU/g). Bacterial growth was observed on eosin methylene blue and Salmonella-Shigella Agar. One hundred and thirty-five (135) bacterial isolates were identified, including Escherichia coli (15.3%), Staphylococcus aureus (22.2%), Bacillus spp. (25.2%), Salmonella spp. (22.2%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (9.6%). Molecular analysis confirmed the presence of tetracycline resistance genes in some isolates, highlighting the potential public health risk posed by antibiotic-resistant bacteria in aquaculture. The findings suggest better management of antibiotic use in aquaculture to mitigate the development and spread of antibiotic resistance in aquatic environments.
References
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Chan, D.W.M., Olawumi, T.O., Saka, A.B. & Ekundayo, D. (2022). Comparative Analysis of the Barriers to Smart Sustainable Practices Adoption in the Construction Industry between Hong Kong and Nigeria. International Journal of Construction Management, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2022.2108973.
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Diao, W., Jia, R., Hou, Y., Dong, Y., Li, B. & Zhu, J. (2023). Effects of Stocking Density on the Growth Performance, Physiological Parameters, Antioxidant Status and Lipid Metabolism of Pelteobagrus fulvidraco in the Integrated Rice-Fish Farming System. Animals: an Open Access Journal from MDPI, [online] 13(11), 1721. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13111721.
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Jacob, J., Peter, S. & Chopra, S. (2013). A Fish a Day Keeps the Cardiologist Away! A Review of the Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in the Cardiovascular System. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, [online] 17(3), 422. https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-8210.111630.
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Musefiu, T. & Olasunkanmi, S. (2015). Antibiotics Resistance in Bacterial Strains Isolated From Fish: Potential Health Risk. [online] Available at: https://oer.unimed.edu.ng/JOURNALS/5/5/Dr-Tiamiyu-Antibiotics-Resistance-in-Bacteria-Strains-Isolated-From-Fish-Potential-Health-Risk.pdf.
Muteeb, G., Rehman, T., Shahwan, M. & Aatif, M. (2023). Origin of Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance, and Their Impacts on Drug Development: A Narrative Review. Pharmaceuticals, [online] 16(11), 1615–1615. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16111615.
Ng, L.K., Martin, I., Alfa, M. & Mulvey, M. (2001). Multiplex PCR for the Detection of Tetracycline Resistant Genes. Molecular and Cellular Probes, 15(4), 209–215. https://doi.org/10.1006/mcpr.2001.0363.
Novoslavskij, A., Terentjeva, M., Eizenberga, I., Valciņa, O., Bartkevics, V. & Berziņs, A. (2015). Major Foodborne Pathogens in Fish and Fish Products: A Review. Annals of Microbiology, 66(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13213-015-1102-5.
Ottinger, M.A., Bohannon, M., Carpenter, L.R., Carro, T., Rochester, J.R. & Dean, K.M. (2015). Actions of Toxicants and Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in Birds. 979-1001 https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-407160-5.00041-5.
Pauter, K., Szultka-Młynska, M. & Buszewski, B. (2020). Determination and Identification of Antibiotic Drugs and Bacterial Strains in Biological Samples. Molecules, 25(11), 2556. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25112556.
Pepi, M. & Focardi, S. (2021). Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in Aquaculture and Climate Change: A Challenge for Health in the Mediterranean Area. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(11), 5723. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115723.
Pruden, A., Larsson, D.G.J., Amezquita, A., Collignon, P., Brandt, K.K., Graham, D.W., Lazorchak, J.M., Suzuki, S., Silley, P., Snape, J.R., Topp, E., Zhang, T. & Zhu, Y.G. (2013). Management Options for Reducing the Release of Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance Genes to the Environment. Environmental Health Perspectives, 121(8), 878–885. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1206446 .
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Roberts, M.C. (2005). Update on Acquired Tetracycline Resistance Genes. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 245(2), 195–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.femsle.2005.02.034.
Romero, J., Gloria, C. and Navarrete, P. (2012). Antibiotics in Aquaculture – Use, Abuse and Alternatives. Health and Environment in Aquaculture. [online] https://doi.org/10.5772/28157.
Sheng, L. & Wang, L. (2020). The Microbial Safety of Fish and Fish Products: Recent Advances in Understanding its Significance, Contamination Sources, and Control Strategies. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 20(1), 738–786. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12671.
Siamujompa, M., Ndashe, K., Zulu, F.C., Chitala, C., Songe, M.M., Changula, K., Moonga, L., Kabwali, E.S., Reichley, S. & Hang’ombe, B.M. (2023). An Investigation of Bacterial Pathogens Associated with Diseased Nile Tilapia in Small-Scale Cage Culture Farms on Lake Kariba, Siavonga, Zambia. Fishes, 8(9), 452–452. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8090452.
Sørum, H., Colquhoun, D.J., Nikuli, H.L. & Shah, S.Q.A. (2012). Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in the Bacterial Flora of Integrated Fish Farming Environments of Pakistan and Tanzania. Environmental Science & Technology, 46(16), 8672–8679. https://doi.org/10.1021/es3018607.
Uddin, T.M., Chakraborty, A.J., Khusro, A., Zidan, B.R.M., Mitra, S., Emran, T.B., Dhama, K., Ripon, Md.K.H., Gajdács, M., Sahibzada, M.U.K., Hossain, Md.J. & Koirala, N. (2021). Antibiotic Resistance in Microbes: History, Mechanisms, Therapeutic Strategies, and Future Prospects. Journal of Infection and Public Health, [online] 14(12). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.020.
Xiong, X., Tan, Y., Mubango, E., Shi, C., Regenstein, J.M., Yang, Q., Hong, H. & Luo, Y. (2022). Rapid Freshness and Survival Monitoring Biosensors of Fish: Progress, Challenge, and Future Perspective. Trends in Food Science and Technology, pp. 129, 61–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2022.08.011.
Bondad‐Reantaso, M.G., MacKinnon, B., Karunasagar, I., Fridman, S., Alday‐Sanz, V., Brun, E., Le Groumellec, M., Li, A., Surachetpong, W., Karunasagar, I., Hao, B., Dall’Occo, A., Urbani, R. & Caputo, A. (2023). Review of Alternatives to Antibiotic Use in Aquaculture. Reviews in Aquaculture, 15(4) 1421–1451. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12786.
Cabral, J.P.S. (2010). Water Microbiology. Bacterial Pathogens and Water. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, [online] 7(10), 3657–3703 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph7103657.
Chan, D.W.M., Olawumi, T.O., Saka, A.B. & Ekundayo, D. (2022). Comparative Analysis of the Barriers to Smart Sustainable Practices Adoption in the Construction Industry between Hong Kong and Nigeria. International Journal of Construction Management, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2022.2108973.
Cheesbrough, M. (2006). District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries. [online] https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511543470.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2020). M100 Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing A CLSI supplement for global application. 30th Edition. [online] Available at: https://www.nih.org.pk/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/CLSI-2020.pdf.
Dauda, A., Folorunso, L. & Dasuki, A. (2013). Use of Probiotics for Sustainable Aquaculture Production in Nigeria. Journal of Aquaculture and Social Research. 13. 35-45 Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281034175.
Diao, W., Jia, R., Hou, Y., Dong, Y., Li, B. & Zhu, J. (2023). Effects of Stocking Density on the Growth Performance, Physiological Parameters, Antioxidant Status and Lipid Metabolism of Pelteobagrus fulvidraco in the Integrated Rice-Fish Farming System. Animals: an Open Access Journal from MDPI, [online] 13(11), 1721. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13111721.
Emmanuel, B.E. & Osibona, A.O. (2013). Ichthyofauna Characteristics of a Tropical Low Brackish Open Lagoon in South-western Nigeria. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquaculture, 5(6), 122–135. https://doi.org/10.5897/ijfa11.016.
Giovanetti, E., Brenciani, A., Lupidi, R., Roberts, M.C. & Varaldo, P.E. (2003). Presence of the tet (O) Gene in Erythromycin- and Tetracycline-Resistant Strains of Streptococcus pyogenes and Linkage with Either the mef (A) or the erm (A) Gene. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 47(9), 2844–2849. https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.47.9.2844-2849.2003.
Irshath, A.A., Rajan, A.P., Vimal, S., Prabhakaran, V.-S. & Ganesan, R. (2023). Bacterial Pathogenesis in Various Fish Diseases: Recent Advances and Specific Challenges in Vaccine Development. Vaccines, 11(2), 470. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11020470.
Jacob, J., Peter, S. & Chopra, S. (2013). A Fish a Day Keeps the Cardiologist Away! A Review of the Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in the Cardiovascular System. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, [online] 17(3), 422. https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-8210.111630.
Leung, T.L.F. & Bates, A.E. (2012). More Rapid and Severe Disease Outbreaks for Aquaculture at the Tropics: Implications for Food Security. Journal of Applied Ecology, 50(1), 215–222. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2644.12017.
Manyi-Loh, C., Mamphweli, S., Meyer, E. & Okoh, A. (2018). Antibiotic Use in Agriculture and Its Consequential Resistance in Environmental Sources: Potential Public Health Implications. Molecules, [online] 23(4), 795. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23040795.
Miranda, M. (2003). Role of Cholinergic System on the Construction of Memories: Taste Memory Encoding. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 80(3), 211–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1074-7427(03)00061-3 .
Mumbo, M.T., Nyaboga, E.N., Kinyua, J., Muge, E.K., Scholastica G. K. Mathenge, M., G., Rotich, H., N., B. & Njiru, J. M. (2023). Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Bacterial Foodborne Pathogens in Nile Tilapia Fish (Oreochromis niloticus) at Points of Retail Sale in Nairobi, Kenya. https://doi.org/10.3389/frabi.2023.1156258.
Musefiu, T. & Olasunkanmi, S. (2015). Antibiotics Resistance in Bacterial Strains Isolated From Fish: Potential Health Risk. [online] Available at: https://oer.unimed.edu.ng/JOURNALS/5/5/Dr-Tiamiyu-Antibiotics-Resistance-in-Bacteria-Strains-Isolated-From-Fish-Potential-Health-Risk.pdf.
Muteeb, G., Rehman, T., Shahwan, M. & Aatif, M. (2023). Origin of Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance, and Their Impacts on Drug Development: A Narrative Review. Pharmaceuticals, [online] 16(11), 1615–1615. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16111615.
Ng, L.K., Martin, I., Alfa, M. & Mulvey, M. (2001). Multiplex PCR for the Detection of Tetracycline Resistant Genes. Molecular and Cellular Probes, 15(4), 209–215. https://doi.org/10.1006/mcpr.2001.0363.
Novoslavskij, A., Terentjeva, M., Eizenberga, I., Valciņa, O., Bartkevics, V. & Berziņs, A. (2015). Major Foodborne Pathogens in Fish and Fish Products: A Review. Annals of Microbiology, 66(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13213-015-1102-5.
Ottinger, M.A., Bohannon, M., Carpenter, L.R., Carro, T., Rochester, J.R. & Dean, K.M. (2015). Actions of Toxicants and Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in Birds. 979-1001 https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-407160-5.00041-5.
Pauter, K., Szultka-Młynska, M. & Buszewski, B. (2020). Determination and Identification of Antibiotic Drugs and Bacterial Strains in Biological Samples. Molecules, 25(11), 2556. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25112556.
Pepi, M. & Focardi, S. (2021). Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in Aquaculture and Climate Change: A Challenge for Health in the Mediterranean Area. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(11), 5723. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115723.
Pruden, A., Larsson, D.G.J., Amezquita, A., Collignon, P., Brandt, K.K., Graham, D.W., Lazorchak, J.M., Suzuki, S., Silley, P., Snape, J.R., Topp, E., Zhang, T. & Zhu, Y.G. (2013). Management Options for Reducing the Release of Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance Genes to the Environment. Environmental Health Perspectives, 121(8), 878–885. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1206446 .
Richard, M. (1998). Sensitivity to Sparfloxacin and other Antibiotics of Streptococcus Pneumoniae, Haemophilus Influenzae, and Moraxella Catarrhalis Strains Isolated from Adult Patients with Community-Acquired Lower Respiratory Tract Infections: A European Multicentre Study. SPAR Study Group. Surveillance Programme of Antibiotic Resistance. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 41(2), 207–214. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/41.2.207.
Roberts, M.C. (2005). Update on Acquired Tetracycline Resistance Genes. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 245(2), 195–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.femsle.2005.02.034.
Romero, J., Gloria, C. and Navarrete, P. (2012). Antibiotics in Aquaculture – Use, Abuse and Alternatives. Health and Environment in Aquaculture. [online] https://doi.org/10.5772/28157.
Sheng, L. & Wang, L. (2020). The Microbial Safety of Fish and Fish Products: Recent Advances in Understanding its Significance, Contamination Sources, and Control Strategies. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 20(1), 738–786. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12671.
Siamujompa, M., Ndashe, K., Zulu, F.C., Chitala, C., Songe, M.M., Changula, K., Moonga, L., Kabwali, E.S., Reichley, S. & Hang’ombe, B.M. (2023). An Investigation of Bacterial Pathogens Associated with Diseased Nile Tilapia in Small-Scale Cage Culture Farms on Lake Kariba, Siavonga, Zambia. Fishes, 8(9), 452–452. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8090452.
Sørum, H., Colquhoun, D.J., Nikuli, H.L. & Shah, S.Q.A. (2012). Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in the Bacterial Flora of Integrated Fish Farming Environments of Pakistan and Tanzania. Environmental Science & Technology, 46(16), 8672–8679. https://doi.org/10.1021/es3018607.
Uddin, T.M., Chakraborty, A.J., Khusro, A., Zidan, B.R.M., Mitra, S., Emran, T.B., Dhama, K., Ripon, Md.K.H., Gajdács, M., Sahibzada, M.U.K., Hossain, Md.J. & Koirala, N. (2021). Antibiotic Resistance in Microbes: History, Mechanisms, Therapeutic Strategies, and Future Prospects. Journal of Infection and Public Health, [online] 14(12). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.020.
Xiong, X., Tan, Y., Mubango, E., Shi, C., Regenstein, J.M., Yang, Q., Hong, H. & Luo, Y. (2022). Rapid Freshness and Survival Monitoring Biosensors of Fish: Progress, Challenge, and Future Perspective. Trends in Food Science and Technology, pp. 129, 61–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2022.08.011.