Keywords
Parasites
Prevalence
Intensity
Public health
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the prevalence and intensity of parasitic infections in Clarias gariepinus and Coptodon zilli in Wasai Reservoir. The study was conducted from January 2019 to June 2020, spanning 18 months. Standard techniques for parasitology were employed in the study. Fish samples were dissected and examined, and parasites were removed, identified, and counted. The results revealed that out of 477 C. gariepinus examined, 59.03% were infected with 21 intestinal helminths, including Cestodes, Trematodes, and Nematodes. In contrast, 331 (40.97%) were recorded in C. zilli. Prevalence of infection was higher in males 258 (76%) than in females 219 (24%), which did not differ significantly between sex and prevalence rate in C. gariepinus (x2 = 0.723, d.f 1 (0.395). Among C. zilli, the prevalence of sex revealed a higher 234 (87.6%) males than in females 97 (22.4%), where the difference was not statistically different in infection rate (x2 = 2.001 d.f = 1 (0.98%). Six (6) fish parasite species were isolated, identified, and recorded as Trichodinas spp., Diplosbotrium latum. Chilodenella spp., P. chlaradae., Emeria spp., Cestode larvae, and procammalanus spp. The most prevalent parasites recovered were Chilodenella sp., with a 14.0% number of infections, an intensity of infection of 1.09, and an index of infection of 14.1%. This study showed a considerable health risk to consumers due to parasitic infection. Therefore, periodic parasitological investigations should be carried out to curtail the potential dangers to future generations along the reservoir.
References
Adewole, S. O., Odeyemi, D. F., Fatunwase, O. P., Christopher, V. N., Omoyeni, T. E. & Dada, A. O. (2018). Parasites as Bioindicator for Health Status and Environmental quality of Freshwater Fish species in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Imaging, 6(2), 1–7.
Amaechi, C. E. (2015). Prevalence, Intensity and Abundance of Endoparasites in Oreochromis niloticus and Tilapia zilli (Pisces: Cichlidae) from Asa Dam, Ilorin, Nigeria. Research Journal of the Costa Rican Distance Education University, 7(1), 67-70.
Amare, A., Alemayehu, A. & Aylate, A. (2014). Prevalence of Internal Parasitic Helminthes Infected Oreochromis niloticus (Nile Tilapia), Clarias gariepinus (AfricanCatfish) and Cyprinus carpio (Common Carp) in Lake Lugo (Hayke), Northeast Ethiopia. Journal of Aquaculture Research and Development, pp.5:1–5.
Areda, T. A., Mitiku, M. A., Woldearegay, Y. H., Teklu, A. & Getachew, S. (2019). Prevalence of Major Parasites of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in Southwest Showa zone Selected Fish Farms, Oromia region, Ethiopia. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 7(3),165–170.
Ashade, O. O., Osineye, O. M. & Kumoye, E. A. (2013). Isolation, identification, and prevalence of parasites of Oreochromis niloticus from three Selected River systems. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 8(1), 115–121.
Atalabi, T. E., Awharitoma, A. O. & Akinluyi, F. O. (2018). Prevalence, Intensity, and Exposed variables of infection with Acanthocephala Parasites of the Gastrointestinal Tract of Coptodon zilli (Gervais, 1848) [Perciformes: Cichlidae] in Zobe Dam, Dutsin-Ma Local Government Area, Katsina State, Nigeria. Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology, 79(29), 1-7.
Ayanda, I.O. (2009). Comparison of Parasitic Helminth Infection Between Sexes of Clarias gariepinus from Asa dam Ilorin, northcentral Nigeria. Scientific Research and Essay. 4(4), 357–360.
Bichi, A. H. & Ibrahim, A. A. (2009). A Survey of Ecto and Intestinal Parasites of Tilapia Zilli (Gervias) in Tiga Lake, Kano, and Northern Nigeria. Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, pp.2: 79-82. https://www.ajol.info/index.
Biu, A. A. & Nkechi, O. P. (2013). Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Helminths of Tilapia zilli (Gervais, 1848) in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Fisheries and Aquaculture, 1(1), 20–24.
Biu, A. A., Diyaware, M. Y., Yakaka, W. & Joseph, E. (2015). Survey of Parasites Infesting the Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus, 1758) from Lake Alau, Maiduguri, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Fisheries and Aquaculture, 2(2), 6 – 12.
El-Shahawy, I. S. El-Seify, M. O. Metwally, A. M. & Fwaz, M. M. (2017). Survey on End Parasitic Fauna of Some Commercially Important Fishes of the River Nile Southern of Egypt (Egypt). Revue Med. Vet., 168(4-6), 126–134.
Hassan, A., Akinsanya, B. & Adegbaju, W. (2010). Impacts of Helminth Parasites on Clarias gariepinus and Synodontis clarias from Lekki Lagoon, Lagos, Nigeria. Report and Opinion, 2(11), 42-48.
Imam, T. & Dewu, R. (2010). Survey of Piscine Ecto and Intestinal Parasites of Clarias Species Sold at Galadima Road Fish Market, Kano Metropolis, Nigeria. Bioscience Research and Communication, pp.22:209-214.
Magaji A.S. & Rabiu, S. (2020). Birds of Wasai Reservoir, Minjibir, Kano - Nigeria. Science World Journal, pp.15: 19–25.
Mitiku, M. A., Konecyn, R. & Haile, A. L. (2018). Parasites of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) from Selected Fish Farms and Lake Koftuin Central Ethiopia. Ethiopian Veterinary Journal, 22(2), 65–80.
Noor El-Deen. A.L., Abd El-Hady, O.K. & Kenawy, A. M. (2014). Comparative studies on Some Prevailing Parasitic Diseases Cultured freshwater fingerling and adult Oreochromis niloticus on some fish farms. Life Science Journal, 11(10), 814–821.
Olagbemide, P. T. & Owolabi, O. D. (2022). Prevalence, intensity, and influence of size and seasons on parasites of Oreochromis niloticus in Ekiti State Dams, Southwest, Nigeria. Abuad International Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences, 2(2), 123-131.
Omeji, S., Solomon, S.G. & Idoga, E. S. (2011). A Comparative Study of the Common Protozoan Parasites of Clarias gariepinus from Benue State, Nigeria's wild and cultured environments. Journal of Parasitology Research, p.8.
Omoniyi, I. T. & Ojelade, O. C. (2017). Parasites of the Cichlid Fishes in Water Reservoir of Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Science and Environment, 17(2), 20-27.
Oniye, S.J., Adebote, D.A., & Ayanda O.I., (2004): Helminthes parasites of Clarias gariepinus (Tuegels) in Zaria. Nigerian Journal of Aquatic Science, 19(2),71–5.
Paperna, I. (1996). Parasites, Infections, and Diseases of Fishes in Africa update, CIFA Technical Paper No. 31, Rome, FAO, p.220.
Saha, M., Bandyopadhyay, P. K., Roy, A. & Ghosh, S. (2015). Impact of Seasons, Host Age, Size and Sex on The Prevalence of Protozoan Parasites in Ornamental Fish. Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 8(10), 54–59.
Simon-Oke, I. A., Afolabi, O. J. & Obimakinde, E.T. (2020). Parasitic contamination of water sources in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology, 18(50), 2–8.
Shahat, M.A. Amer, O.S.O. AbdAllah, A. T. Abdelsater, N. & Moustafa, M.A. (2011). The Distribution of Certain Heavy Metals Between Intestinal Parasites and their Fish Hosts in the River Nile at Assuit Province, Egypt. The Egyptian J. Hospital Med., pp.43: 241 – 257.
Sures, B., Nachev, M., Selbach, C. & Marcogliese, D. J. (2017). Parasite responses to pollution: what we know and where we go in “Environmental Parasitology. Parasites and Vectors, 10(1), 1-19.
Uneke, B. I. & Jonah, L.I. (2017). Prevalence of Helminth Parasites of Tilapia zilli in Ebonyi River, Southeastern Nigeria. Implication for Health Management and Policy. American Association for Science and Technology (AASCIT) Journal of Bioscience, 3(5), 47–51.