Keywords
Dromedary Camel
Testosterone
Reproduction control
Nile Tilapia
Testosterone
Reproduction control
Nile Tilapia
Abstract
Nile tilapia is among the leading farmed fish species around the world. They are highly prolific; hence, they congest fish ponds. The use of methyltestosterone (MT) to produce sterile, all-male tilapia has been established. The MT is very expensive, not very common, and has been publicly criticised due to its health and environmental implications. The efficacy of camel testes for the masculinisation of Nile Tilapia was investigated to evaluate its potential for the production of all-male Oreochromis niloticus. Various concentrations (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) of camel testes per kilogram of feed were incorporated into a 40% crude protein diet and fed to 7-day-old fry for 40 days indoors. At the end of 40 days of feeding with the camel testis-based diet, ninety (90) fish were stocked in a 2 x 2 x 1.2 m net hapa installed in 7 x 5 x 1.2 m polyethylene-lined fish ponds based on their treatments. They were further reared for another 30 days for sex identification. The results show that fry fed with 100% camel testes produced a higher (91.11%) male population, followed by (87.60%) fry treated with a 75% camel-based diet. No significant variation (P>0.05) was observed between the number of males in fish fed a 100% camel-based diet compared to those fed 75%. Camel testes demonstrated greater potential for masculinisation in Oreochromis niloticus.
References
Adel-Tawwab, M., Mousa, M.A., Ashraf, S. & Ahmad, M.H. (2005). Effect of Crowding Stress on Some Physiological Functions of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Fed Different Dietary Protein Levels. International Journal of Zoological Research, 1(1), 41-47.
Abdel-Tawwab, M., Fayza, H., Abba, S. & Medhat, E. A (2012). Partial And Total Replacement of
Fish Meal with Cheese Processing by Product Meal in Practical Diet for Nile tilapia. Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China 22-24 April 2011, 283-293.
AOAC (1999). Official methods of analysis of AOAC international. Cunniff Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Washington, D. C. p.16.
Bailey, R. G. (1994). Guide to the fishes of River Nile in the Republic of Sudan. J. Nat. Hist., pp. 28: 937-970.
Beardmore, J. A., Mair, G.C. and Lewis, R. I. (2001). Monosex male production in finfish as exemplified by tilapia application, problem, and prospects. Journal of Aquaculture, (197): 283 – 301.
Blackwell, S. (2010). The testicle is from the Latin testicles, Diminutive of Testis, meaning "witness" of virility. RSS Wikipedia. 10 – 15.
Boyd, C. E. (1990). Water Quality in Pond for Aquaculture Experiment, Auburn University. Auburn Alabama, pp. 114: 291-298.
Buyukpor, A. M., Atalay, A. I and Kamalak. A. (2011). Growth performance of Nile tilapia fed with a Diet containing different levels of hydrolyzable and condensed tannin. Journal Of Agricultural Science and Technology pp.13:1045-1051.
Chukwu, J., Diyaware, M. Y. & Ude, E. E. (2012). Evaluation of pawpaw (Carica papaya) seed for controlling reproduction in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), Journal of the Science of Agriculture, Food Technology and Environment, 12(1),1-8.
Clemens, H. P. & Inslee, T. (1968). The production of unisexual broods of Tilapia mossambicus sex reversed with methyltestosterone. Trans. An. Fish. Soc., pp.97: 18-21.
Contre-Ras sanchez, W. M., & Fitzpatrick, O., Milson, R.H. a Schreck, C. B. (1997). Masculinisation of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) by single immersion in 17a-methyl dihydrotestosterone and Trenbolone acetate. Tilapia aquaculture. Proceedings from the Fourth International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture. Northeastern Regional Agricultural Engineering Service Cooperative Extension, pp.783-790.
Diyaware, M.Y., Nwafili, S.A., Haruna, A. & Omorondion, N.G. (2016). The Effect of Graded Levels of Ram Testes on Sex, Growth and Survival of Oreochromis niloticus (LINNAEUS, 1856). Nigerian Journal of Fisheries, 13(1 & 2), 1082-1092.
Edward, C.D. (1981). Productivity and fish production. Density and reproduction of tilapia. Proceedings of the Fifth World Conference on Fish Production. Japan, p.139.
Ekanem, S. B. & Okoronkwo, T. E. (2003). Pawpaw seeds as fertility control agent on male tilapia. Naga.ICLARM Quarterly, 26(2), 8-10.
Elham, M. A., Fedekar, F.M., Ashraf, M. I., Safaa, M. S., Mariam, M. S. and Diaa, A. M. (2013). Effect of Pawpaw (Carica papaya) Meeds Meal on the Reproduction Performance and Histological Characters of Gonads in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Journal of Agriculture, pp.3: 2249-5554.
El-Harairy, M.A. & Attia, K.A. (2010). Effect of Age, Pubertal Stage, and Season on Testosterone
Concentration in Male Dromedary Camel. King Saud University, Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, pp. 17:227–230.
Fashina-Bombata, H. A. & Somutu, A. O. (2008). The effect of Lyophilized Goat Testes Meal as First Feed on the gaunt of Wesafu, an ecotype cichlid of Epe-lagoon in Lagos state, Nigeria. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 7(5), 686 – 688.
Gale, W. L., Fitzpatrick, M. S. & Schreck, C. B. (1995). Immersion of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in 17a-methyltestosterone and Mestanolonem for the Production of all Male Population. In F.W. Goetz (ed), Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on the physiology of fish symposium 95. The University of Texas at Austin, Texas, U.S.A., p.117.
Guerrero, R. D. (1976). Tilapia mossambicus and Tilapia zilli were treated with methyltestosterone for sex reversal. Journal of Biology, pp. 5:187-192.
Guerrero, R. D. and Abella. T. A. (1976). Induced Sex Reversal of Tilapia nilotica with methyltestosterone. Fish Resource Journal, pp.1: 46-49.
Guerrero, R. D. (1982). Control of Tilapia Production. In R. S. V. Pullin and R.H. Lowe-Mcconnel (eds). The Biology and Culture of Tilapia. CLARM Conference Proceedings, Manila, Philipines, p.306 – 316.
Guerrero, R. D. (1987). Control of Tilapia Production in R.S.V. Pullin and lowe-mcconnel, R.H. (eds). The Biology and Culture of Tilapias. IClarm Conference Proceedings 7, Manila, Philippines, 309-316.
Hanson, R., Sinithevman, R. O., Shelton, W. H. and Dunham, R. A. (1983). Growth Comparison of Mono-Sex Tilapia Produced by Separation of Sexes Hybridization and Sex Reversal. Proceedings of International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture Nazareth Isreal Aviv University, Isreal, 570 -579.
Haylor, G. S & Pascaul, A. B. (1991). Effect of Using Ram Testes in a Fry Diet for (Oreochromis niloticus) on Growth, Survival, and Resultant Phenotypic Sex Ratio. Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, pp.22: 265-268.
Indranath, G. & Suman, B. C. (2014). Effect of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Basell alba on Sex Reversal of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Science, pp.2278-3008.
Jalbert, B., Moreau, J., Planquette, P. & Billard, R. (1974). Determinisme du sexe chez TilapiP macrochir et Tilapia niloticus. Action de la Methyltestosterone dans l’alimentation des alevins sur la differentiation sexueiie, proportion des sexes dans la descendance des Males inverses. Ann. Biol. Anim. Biochem. Biophys, 14(4), 729 -739.
Jae-Yoon, J., Smitherman, R.O. and Behrennds, L.L. (1988). Effect of Dietary 17alpha- methyl testosterone on sex reversal and growth of Oreochromis niloticus. In: R.S.V. Pullin, T. Bhukaswan, K. Tonguthai and J.L. Maclean (Eds.). The Second Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture. ICLARM conference Proceedings 15, Department of Fisheries, Bangkok, Thailand and ICLARM, Manila, Philippines, pp. 203-207.
Komolafe, O. O. & Arawomo, G. A. O. (1998). Reproduction of Oreochromis niloticus in Opa Reservoir, Ile-Ife Nigeria. Biological Science Resource Community, (10), 167 – 174.
Luciano, P. T., Wilson, W. L., and Austin, H. (2006). Benefits of Saponin Supplement to Tilapia Feed Mix. 3rd Bunda College Dissemination Conference Proceedings, 14(5), 22-23.
Macintosh, D., Singh, T. B. Little, D. C. & Edwards, P. (1988). Growth and Sexual Development of 17α-methyltestosterone and Progesterone Treated Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) reared in earthen ponds. The Second International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture, Bangkok, Thailand, Manila, Philippines, pp.457-563.
Manosro, J., Petchjul, L. & Manosroi, A. (2004). Effect of Fluoxymesterone Fish Feed Granule of sex reversal of the hydrib, Thai Red tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus x Oreochromis mosambicus). Asian Fisheries Science, pp.17: 323-331.
Marjani, M., Jamili, S., Mostafavi, P. G., Ram, M. & Mushinchiana, A. (2009). Influence of 17a-methyltestosterone on Masculinisation and Growth in Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Journal of Fish Aquacultural Science., 4(1), 71-74.
Pandian, T. S & Veradaraj, K. (1988). Hormonal Induction of Sex Reversal in Fish, aquaculture Research, pp.138: 1-22.
Pandian, T. S & Veradaraj, K. (1990). Hormonal Induction of Sex Reversal in Fish Aquaculture, pp. 138: 1-22.
Phelps. R. P. & Gerezo, G. (1992). The Effects of Confinement In Hepas on Sex Reversal and Growth of (Oreochromis niloticus). Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 1(4), 73-81.
Phelps, R. P., Salazar, G. C, Abe, V., & Argue, B. J. (1995). Sex reversal and Nursery Growth of Nile Tilapia, (Oreochromis niloticus), Free Swimming in Earthen Pond. Aquaculture Research, pp.26: 293-295.
Popma, T. J. & Green, B. N. (1990). Aquaculture production manual. Sex reversal of Tilapia in earthen ponds. Research and Development series. Internation Centre for Aquaculture. No. 35. AAES. Auburn University, p.15.
PTN (2015). Premium time Nigeria. Com Retrieved 20-8-2016.
Ramet, J. P. (2011). The Technology of Making Cheese from Camel Milk (Camelus dromedarius). FAO Animal Production and Heath paper. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 92(5), 254-6019.
Romerio, M. P., Fencrich-verani, C. S. N., Santo-De-Copmus, B. E & Pasilva, A. S (2000). Masculinization of Nile Tilapia Using Different Diets and Different Doses of 17α – methyltestosterone. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, pp. 29: 654 – 659.
Sierens, J. E., Sneddon, S. F., Collins, F., Millar, M, R., & Saunders, P. T. (2015). Estrogen in Testes. Biology. Annals of New York Academy of Sciences, pp.1061: 65-71.
Sundaraj, B. I. (1981). Reproductive Physiology of Teleost Fishes. A Review of Present Knowledge and Needs for Future Research. Aquaculture Development and Coordination Programme, (81), p.16.
Wagdy, K., Wafas, S., Hsheed, B., Mohammed-Assn, S., Abbas, H. I. & Emun, A. Z. (2011). Assessment of the impact of 17α-methyltestosterone Hormone on The Growth Hormone Concentration, Molecular and Biological Changes in Molecules and Testes of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Life Science Journal, 8(3),13-35.
White, E. M. (2008). Evaluation del testiculo, de toro como fuente de testosterone en la reversion sexual de alevines de tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) enagua con algas.proyecto fspecial de Graduacion para Ing. Agr. Escucla Agricola, Tegucigalpa, Honduras, p.20.
Varadaraj, K. & Pandian, T. J. (1987). Monosex Male Broods of Oreochromis mossambicus Produced Through Artificial Sex Reverse with 17a-methyltestosterone, Androgen 17 and 01-3-one. Current Trends in Life Science, pp.15:169-173.
Abdel-Tawwab, M., Fayza, H., Abba, S. & Medhat, E. A (2012). Partial And Total Replacement of
Fish Meal with Cheese Processing by Product Meal in Practical Diet for Nile tilapia. Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China 22-24 April 2011, 283-293.
AOAC (1999). Official methods of analysis of AOAC international. Cunniff Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Washington, D. C. p.16.
Bailey, R. G. (1994). Guide to the fishes of River Nile in the Republic of Sudan. J. Nat. Hist., pp. 28: 937-970.
Beardmore, J. A., Mair, G.C. and Lewis, R. I. (2001). Monosex male production in finfish as exemplified by tilapia application, problem, and prospects. Journal of Aquaculture, (197): 283 – 301.
Blackwell, S. (2010). The testicle is from the Latin testicles, Diminutive of Testis, meaning "witness" of virility. RSS Wikipedia. 10 – 15.
Boyd, C. E. (1990). Water Quality in Pond for Aquaculture Experiment, Auburn University. Auburn Alabama, pp. 114: 291-298.
Buyukpor, A. M., Atalay, A. I and Kamalak. A. (2011). Growth performance of Nile tilapia fed with a Diet containing different levels of hydrolyzable and condensed tannin. Journal Of Agricultural Science and Technology pp.13:1045-1051.
Chukwu, J., Diyaware, M. Y. & Ude, E. E. (2012). Evaluation of pawpaw (Carica papaya) seed for controlling reproduction in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), Journal of the Science of Agriculture, Food Technology and Environment, 12(1),1-8.
Clemens, H. P. & Inslee, T. (1968). The production of unisexual broods of Tilapia mossambicus sex reversed with methyltestosterone. Trans. An. Fish. Soc., pp.97: 18-21.
Contre-Ras sanchez, W. M., & Fitzpatrick, O., Milson, R.H. a Schreck, C. B. (1997). Masculinisation of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) by single immersion in 17a-methyl dihydrotestosterone and Trenbolone acetate. Tilapia aquaculture. Proceedings from the Fourth International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture. Northeastern Regional Agricultural Engineering Service Cooperative Extension, pp.783-790.
Diyaware, M.Y., Nwafili, S.A., Haruna, A. & Omorondion, N.G. (2016). The Effect of Graded Levels of Ram Testes on Sex, Growth and Survival of Oreochromis niloticus (LINNAEUS, 1856). Nigerian Journal of Fisheries, 13(1 & 2), 1082-1092.
Edward, C.D. (1981). Productivity and fish production. Density and reproduction of tilapia. Proceedings of the Fifth World Conference on Fish Production. Japan, p.139.
Ekanem, S. B. & Okoronkwo, T. E. (2003). Pawpaw seeds as fertility control agent on male tilapia. Naga.ICLARM Quarterly, 26(2), 8-10.
Elham, M. A., Fedekar, F.M., Ashraf, M. I., Safaa, M. S., Mariam, M. S. and Diaa, A. M. (2013). Effect of Pawpaw (Carica papaya) Meeds Meal on the Reproduction Performance and Histological Characters of Gonads in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Journal of Agriculture, pp.3: 2249-5554.
El-Harairy, M.A. & Attia, K.A. (2010). Effect of Age, Pubertal Stage, and Season on Testosterone
Concentration in Male Dromedary Camel. King Saud University, Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, pp. 17:227–230.
Fashina-Bombata, H. A. & Somutu, A. O. (2008). The effect of Lyophilized Goat Testes Meal as First Feed on the gaunt of Wesafu, an ecotype cichlid of Epe-lagoon in Lagos state, Nigeria. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 7(5), 686 – 688.
Gale, W. L., Fitzpatrick, M. S. & Schreck, C. B. (1995). Immersion of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in 17a-methyltestosterone and Mestanolonem for the Production of all Male Population. In F.W. Goetz (ed), Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on the physiology of fish symposium 95. The University of Texas at Austin, Texas, U.S.A., p.117.
Guerrero, R. D. (1976). Tilapia mossambicus and Tilapia zilli were treated with methyltestosterone for sex reversal. Journal of Biology, pp. 5:187-192.
Guerrero, R. D. and Abella. T. A. (1976). Induced Sex Reversal of Tilapia nilotica with methyltestosterone. Fish Resource Journal, pp.1: 46-49.
Guerrero, R. D. (1982). Control of Tilapia Production. In R. S. V. Pullin and R.H. Lowe-Mcconnel (eds). The Biology and Culture of Tilapia. CLARM Conference Proceedings, Manila, Philipines, p.306 – 316.
Guerrero, R. D. (1987). Control of Tilapia Production in R.S.V. Pullin and lowe-mcconnel, R.H. (eds). The Biology and Culture of Tilapias. IClarm Conference Proceedings 7, Manila, Philippines, 309-316.
Hanson, R., Sinithevman, R. O., Shelton, W. H. and Dunham, R. A. (1983). Growth Comparison of Mono-Sex Tilapia Produced by Separation of Sexes Hybridization and Sex Reversal. Proceedings of International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture Nazareth Isreal Aviv University, Isreal, 570 -579.
Haylor, G. S & Pascaul, A. B. (1991). Effect of Using Ram Testes in a Fry Diet for (Oreochromis niloticus) on Growth, Survival, and Resultant Phenotypic Sex Ratio. Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, pp.22: 265-268.
Indranath, G. & Suman, B. C. (2014). Effect of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Basell alba on Sex Reversal of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Science, pp.2278-3008.
Jalbert, B., Moreau, J., Planquette, P. & Billard, R. (1974). Determinisme du sexe chez TilapiP macrochir et Tilapia niloticus. Action de la Methyltestosterone dans l’alimentation des alevins sur la differentiation sexueiie, proportion des sexes dans la descendance des Males inverses. Ann. Biol. Anim. Biochem. Biophys, 14(4), 729 -739.
Jae-Yoon, J., Smitherman, R.O. and Behrennds, L.L. (1988). Effect of Dietary 17alpha- methyl testosterone on sex reversal and growth of Oreochromis niloticus. In: R.S.V. Pullin, T. Bhukaswan, K. Tonguthai and J.L. Maclean (Eds.). The Second Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture. ICLARM conference Proceedings 15, Department of Fisheries, Bangkok, Thailand and ICLARM, Manila, Philippines, pp. 203-207.
Komolafe, O. O. & Arawomo, G. A. O. (1998). Reproduction of Oreochromis niloticus in Opa Reservoir, Ile-Ife Nigeria. Biological Science Resource Community, (10), 167 – 174.
Luciano, P. T., Wilson, W. L., and Austin, H. (2006). Benefits of Saponin Supplement to Tilapia Feed Mix. 3rd Bunda College Dissemination Conference Proceedings, 14(5), 22-23.
Macintosh, D., Singh, T. B. Little, D. C. & Edwards, P. (1988). Growth and Sexual Development of 17α-methyltestosterone and Progesterone Treated Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) reared in earthen ponds. The Second International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture, Bangkok, Thailand, Manila, Philippines, pp.457-563.
Manosro, J., Petchjul, L. & Manosroi, A. (2004). Effect of Fluoxymesterone Fish Feed Granule of sex reversal of the hydrib, Thai Red tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus x Oreochromis mosambicus). Asian Fisheries Science, pp.17: 323-331.
Marjani, M., Jamili, S., Mostafavi, P. G., Ram, M. & Mushinchiana, A. (2009). Influence of 17a-methyltestosterone on Masculinisation and Growth in Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Journal of Fish Aquacultural Science., 4(1), 71-74.
Pandian, T. S & Veradaraj, K. (1988). Hormonal Induction of Sex Reversal in Fish, aquaculture Research, pp.138: 1-22.
Pandian, T. S & Veradaraj, K. (1990). Hormonal Induction of Sex Reversal in Fish Aquaculture, pp. 138: 1-22.
Phelps. R. P. & Gerezo, G. (1992). The Effects of Confinement In Hepas on Sex Reversal and Growth of (Oreochromis niloticus). Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 1(4), 73-81.
Phelps, R. P., Salazar, G. C, Abe, V., & Argue, B. J. (1995). Sex reversal and Nursery Growth of Nile Tilapia, (Oreochromis niloticus), Free Swimming in Earthen Pond. Aquaculture Research, pp.26: 293-295.
Popma, T. J. & Green, B. N. (1990). Aquaculture production manual. Sex reversal of Tilapia in earthen ponds. Research and Development series. Internation Centre for Aquaculture. No. 35. AAES. Auburn University, p.15.
PTN (2015). Premium time Nigeria. Com Retrieved 20-8-2016.
Ramet, J. P. (2011). The Technology of Making Cheese from Camel Milk (Camelus dromedarius). FAO Animal Production and Heath paper. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 92(5), 254-6019.
Romerio, M. P., Fencrich-verani, C. S. N., Santo-De-Copmus, B. E & Pasilva, A. S (2000). Masculinization of Nile Tilapia Using Different Diets and Different Doses of 17α – methyltestosterone. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, pp. 29: 654 – 659.
Sierens, J. E., Sneddon, S. F., Collins, F., Millar, M, R., & Saunders, P. T. (2015). Estrogen in Testes. Biology. Annals of New York Academy of Sciences, pp.1061: 65-71.
Sundaraj, B. I. (1981). Reproductive Physiology of Teleost Fishes. A Review of Present Knowledge and Needs for Future Research. Aquaculture Development and Coordination Programme, (81), p.16.
Wagdy, K., Wafas, S., Hsheed, B., Mohammed-Assn, S., Abbas, H. I. & Emun, A. Z. (2011). Assessment of the impact of 17α-methyltestosterone Hormone on The Growth Hormone Concentration, Molecular and Biological Changes in Molecules and Testes of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Life Science Journal, 8(3),13-35.
White, E. M. (2008). Evaluation del testiculo, de toro como fuente de testosterone en la reversion sexual de alevines de tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) enagua con algas.proyecto fspecial de Graduacion para Ing. Agr. Escucla Agricola, Tegucigalpa, Honduras, p.20.
Varadaraj, K. & Pandian, T. J. (1987). Monosex Male Broods of Oreochromis mossambicus Produced Through Artificial Sex Reverse with 17a-methyltestosterone, Androgen 17 and 01-3-one. Current Trends in Life Science, pp.15:169-173.