Keywords
Aquatic pollution
Fish
human health
Implication
Nigeria
Fish
human health
Implication
Nigeria
Abstract
This study evaluated the heavy metals concentration in water and tissues of Clarias gariepinus and Oreochromis niloticus in the lower river Niger, Oguro, Ajaokuta. The sampling period was three months (June to August). Three sites along the River Niger at the location were marked for the sample collection (water and fish) and were designated as sites A, B, and C. The water and fish samples (muscle, gills and viscera) were collected, dissected, and prepared for heavy metal analysis using a Microwave Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometer (MP-AES). The heavy metals investigated include Iron (Fe), Lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni), Chromium (Cr), Cadmium (Cd) and Zinc (Zn). The data collected were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using SPSS (version 20). The result showed that heavy metal contents of the water followed this trend: Fe>Zn>Pb>Cr>Ni>Cd across the sampling months. The heavy metal in fish tissue showed a significant (P<0.05) difference among fish species. Higher concentrations were observed in the African catfish gill compared to those from Nile Tilapia. Also, the human risk/health assessment on BAF, MOE, EDI, HI, and THQ revealed that the water and the fish tissues evaluated for heavy metal level posed no threat to the health of the consumer, as they were all within the acceptable limit of WHO, USEPA and EPA). The findings of this study did pose any danger to consumers of fish and utilization of water from this River.
References
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Asadi-Sangachini., Z., Galangash. M.M., Younesi, H. & Nowrouzi, M. (2019). Cost-effective Manufacturing of Activated Carbon Derived from Walnut Shells for Large-scale CO2 capture is feasible. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 26(26), 26542-26552. doi: 10.1007/ s11356-019-05842-3. Epub 10 July 2019. PMID: 31292871
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Leelapongwattana, S. & Bordeerat, N.K. (2020). Induction of Genotoxicity and Mutagenic potential of heavy metals in Thai occupational workers. Mutat Res Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen. 856-857:503231.
Matouke, M. M. & Abdullahi, K. L. (2020). Assessment of Heavy Metals Contamination and Human health risk in Clarias gariepinus [Burchell, 1822] collected from Jabi Lake, Abuja, Nigeria. Sci Afr. 7:e00292.
Maulu, S., Nawanzi, K., Abdel-Tawwab, M. & Khalil, H. S. (2021). Fish nutritional value as an approach to children’s nutrition. Front Nutr., 8:780-844.
Mendivil, C.O. (2021). Fish consumption: A Review of its Effects on Metabolic and Hormonal health. Nutr Metab Insights. 14:11786388211022378.
Naeem, S., Ashraf, M., Babar, M.E., Zahoor, S. & Ali, S. (2021). The Effects of Some Heavy Metals on Some Fish Species. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 28:25566- 78.
Ng’onga, M., Kalaba, F.K. & Mwitwa, J. (2019). The Contribution of Fisheries-based households to the local economy (Capital and Labour) and National Fish Yield: a case of Lake Bangweulu fishery, Zambia. Sci Afr. 5:e00120.
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Oluyemi, E.A., Fenyuit, G.J., Oyekunle, J.A.O. & Ogunfowokan, A.O. (2018). Seasonal Variations in Heavy Metal Concentrations in Soil and Some Selected Crops at A Landfill in Nigeria, African J of Sci. and Tech. 2(5), 89-96.
Opaluwa, O.D., Aremu, M.O., Ogbo, L.O., Odiba, I.E. & Ekpo, E.R. (2022). Assessment of heavy metals in water, fish and sediments from Uke Stream, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Curr. World Environ. 7(2), 213-220.
Orilogbon, J.O. & Adewole, A.M. (2021). Ethnoichthyological knowledge and perception in traditional medicine in Ondo and Lagos States, southwest Nigeria. Egypt J Biol., 36:106-113.
Sachchu, M., Mazedul, H., Amir, H., M., Mahmudul, K., Durul, H., Raju, A., Nushrat, J. L., Tanjina, N. E. & Ashraful, A. (2024). Heavy Metal Intake by Fishes of Different River Locations in Bangladesh: A Comparative Statistical Review. Asian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Research. 26(6), 43-67.
Saeed, S.M. (2020). A study on Factors Affecting Fish Production from Certain Fish Farms in the Delta. M. Sc. Thesis. Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Egypt, 223 Pp.
Sattari, M., Bibak, M., Bakhshalizadeh, S., Vajargah, M. F. (2020). Element Accumulations in Liver and Kidney Tissues of Some Bony Fish Species in the Southwest Caspian Sea. Journal of Cell and Molecular Research. 12(1),33-40. https://bit.ly/3iptQgy .
Sattari, M., Bibak, M., & Vajargah M.F. (2020). Evaluation of Trace Elements Contaminations in muscles of Rutilus kutum (Pisces: Cyprinidae) from the Southern Shores of the Caspian Sea. Environmental Health Engineering and Management Journal. 7(2), 89-96.
Sattari, M., Bibak, M., Vajargah, M.F. & Faggio C. (2020). Trace and major elements in muscle and liver tissues of Alosa braschnikowy from the South Caspian Sea and potential human health risk assessment. Journal of Materials and Environmental Science. 11(7),1129–1140. https://bit.ly/3AZ8L3L .
Sattari, M., Imanpour N. J., Bibak, M., Vajargah, M. F. & Mazareiy, M. H. (2020). Trace elements contamination in Alosa braschnikowi of the southern basins of Caspian Sea-Guilan Province. Journal of Animal Environment. 12(3),115–122. https://bit. ly/3uGm0UN
Sattari. M., Namin, J.I., Bibak, M., Vajargah M.F., Faggio C, & Haddad, M.S. (2019). Trace and Macro Elements Bioaccumulation in the Muscle and Liver Tissues of Alburnus chalcoides from the South Caspian Sea and Potential Human Health Risk Assessment. Journal of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering.,4(1),13-27. https://bit.ly/3meB1Jp.
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Sutunkova, M.P., Ryabova, Y.V., Minigalieva, I.A., Bushueva, T.V., Sakhautdinova, R.R. & Bereza, I.A. (2023). Features of the Response to Subchronic Low-dose Exposure to Copper oxide nanoparticles in rats. Sci Rep. 13(1),11890.
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Teugels G.G. (1986). A systematic revision of the African species of the genus Clarias (Pisces; Clariidae). Ann. Mus. r. Afr. Centr., 249, 199 p.
Torris, C., Småstuen, M.C. & Molin, M. (2018). Nutrients in fish and possible associations with cardiovascular disease risk factors in metabolic syndrome. Nutrients. 10(7), 952.
Trewavas E. (1983). Tilapiine Fishes of the Genera Sarotherodon, Oreochromis and Danakilia. British Museum (Natural History), London, 583 p.
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Uzairu, A., Harrison, G.F.S., Balarabe, M.L. & Nnaji, J.C. (2019). Concentration Levels of Trace Metals in fish and sediment from Kubanni River, Northern Nigeria. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 23(1), 9–17.
Vajargah, M.F., Mohsenpour, R., Yalsuyi, A.M., Galangash, M.M. & Faggio, C. (2021). Evaluation of Histopathological Effect of Roach (Rutilus rutilus caspicus) in Exposure to Sub-Lethal Concentrations of Abamectin. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution. 232(5),1–8. https:// bit.ly/3urwsiN.
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Adekenya, B. (2019). Variation of Metal Pollutants with Depths, Techforum, An Interdisciplinary, Journal. 2(3),82–97.
Anthony, O.B., Manga, A.H., Umar, A., Yusuf, R.L. & Kalgo, A.A. (2019). Assessment of heavy metals accumulation in fish, sediments and water from Yauri River, Kebbi State, Nigeria. Acad J Curr Res. 6(11):69-82.
Aremu, M.O., Atolaiye, B.O., Shagye, D. & Moumouni, A. (2017). Determination of trace metals in Tilapia zilli and Clarias lazera fishes associated with water and soil sediment from River Nasarawa in Nasarawa State, Nigeria, India J Multi. Res. 3(1),159-168.
Arthur, R.I., Skerritt, D.J., Schuhbauer, A., Ebrahim, N., Friend, R.M. & Sumaila, U.R. (2022). Small-scale Fisheries and Local Food Systems: Transformations, Threats and Opportunities. Fish Fish (Oxf). 3(1), 109-24.
Asadi-Sangachini., Z., Galangash. M.M., Younesi, H. & Nowrouzi, M. (2019). Cost-effective Manufacturing of Activated Carbon Derived from Walnut Shells for Large-scale CO2 capture is feasible. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 26(26), 26542-26552. doi: 10.1007/ s11356-019-05842-3. Epub 10 July 2019. PMID: 31292871
Ayejuyo, O.O., Olowu, R.A., Megwa, K.C., Denloye, A.A.B. & Owodehinde, F.G. (2003) Trace metals in Clarias lazera, Water and Ssediments from Majidun River, Ikorodu, Nigeria Res Commun. Fisheries, 1:27-31.
Boyd, C.E., McNevin, A.A. & Davis, R.P. (2022). The Contribution Of Fisheries aSnd Aquaculture to the Global Protein Supply. Food Security. 14(3),805–27.
Chan, W.S., Routh, J., Luo, C., Dario, M., Miao, Y. & Luo, D. (2021). Metal Accumulations in Aquatic Organisms and Health Risks in an Acid Mine-affected Site in South China. Environ Geochem Health. 43(11), 4415-40.
Chen, J., Jayachandran, M., Bai, W. & Xu, B. (2022). A Critical Review of The Health Benefits of Fish Consumption and Its Bioactive Constituents. Food Chem. 369:130874.
Dasharathy, S., Arjunan, S., Maliyur Basavaraju, A., Murugasen, V., Ramachandran, S. and Keshav, R. (2022). Mutagenic, Carcinogenic, and Teratogenic Effects of Heavy Metals. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2022:8011953.
FAO/WHO (2022). Food Standards Programme CODEX Committee on Contaminants in Foods, Fifth Session. Hague, Netherlands. Available from: https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/ committees/committee/en/?committee=CCCF. Accessed 5 September 2022.
Funtua, M.A., Dailami, S.A. & Onakpa SA. (2016). Heavy Metal Contents of Water, Sediment and Fish from Kpatariver Lokoja, Kogi State-Nigeria. International Journal of Environmental Science and Toxicology Research, 4(9),162-168.
Garai, P., Banerjee, P., Mondal, P. & Saha, N.C. (2021). Effect of Heavy Metals on Fishes: Toxicity and Bioaccumulation, J Clin Toxicol., 11(S18),1-10.
Hama Aziz, K.H., Mustafa, F.S., Omer, K.M., Hama, S., Hamarawf, R.F. & Rahman, K.O. (2023). Heavy Metal Pollution in the Aquatic Environment: Efficient and Low-cost Removal approaches to eliminate their toxicity: a review. RSC Adv. 13(26),17595-610.
Kortei, N.K., Heymann, M.E., Essuman, E.K., Kpodo, F.M., Akonor, P.T. &Lokpo, S.Y. (2020). Health Risk Assessment and Levels of Toxic Metals in Fishes (Oreochromis noliticus and Clarias anguillaris) from Ankobrah and Pra basins: Impact of Illegal Mining Activities on Food Safety. Toxicol Rep. 7:360-9.
Latitude & Longitude Finder (2023). Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria. 2023. Available from: https://www.latlong.net/place/ birnin-kebbi-nigeria-6192.html. Accessed 29 August 2024.
Leelapongwattana, S. & Bordeerat, N.K. (2020). Induction of Genotoxicity and Mutagenic potential of heavy metals in Thai occupational workers. Mutat Res Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen. 856-857:503231.
Matouke, M. M. & Abdullahi, K. L. (2020). Assessment of Heavy Metals Contamination and Human health risk in Clarias gariepinus [Burchell, 1822] collected from Jabi Lake, Abuja, Nigeria. Sci Afr. 7:e00292.
Maulu, S., Nawanzi, K., Abdel-Tawwab, M. & Khalil, H. S. (2021). Fish nutritional value as an approach to children’s nutrition. Front Nutr., 8:780-844.
Mendivil, C.O. (2021). Fish consumption: A Review of its Effects on Metabolic and Hormonal health. Nutr Metab Insights. 14:11786388211022378.
Naeem, S., Ashraf, M., Babar, M.E., Zahoor, S. & Ali, S. (2021). The Effects of Some Heavy Metals on Some Fish Species. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 28:25566- 78.
Ng’onga, M., Kalaba, F.K. & Mwitwa, J. (2019). The Contribution of Fisheries-based households to the local economy (Capital and Labour) and National Fish Yield: a case of Lake Bangweulu fishery, Zambia. Sci Afr. 5:e00120.
Odioko, E. & Becer, Z.A. (2022). The Economic Analysis of The Nigerian Fisheries Sector: A Review. J Anatol Environ Animal Sci., 7(2):216-26.
Oluyemi, E.A., Fenyuit, G.J., Oyekunle, J.A.O. & Ogunfowokan, A.O. (2018). Seasonal Variations in Heavy Metal Concentrations in Soil and Some Selected Crops at A Landfill in Nigeria, African J of Sci. and Tech. 2(5), 89-96.
Opaluwa, O.D., Aremu, M.O., Ogbo, L.O., Odiba, I.E. & Ekpo, E.R. (2022). Assessment of heavy metals in water, fish and sediments from Uke Stream, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Curr. World Environ. 7(2), 213-220.
Orilogbon, J.O. & Adewole, A.M. (2021). Ethnoichthyological knowledge and perception in traditional medicine in Ondo and Lagos States, southwest Nigeria. Egypt J Biol., 36:106-113.
Sachchu, M., Mazedul, H., Amir, H., M., Mahmudul, K., Durul, H., Raju, A., Nushrat, J. L., Tanjina, N. E. & Ashraful, A. (2024). Heavy Metal Intake by Fishes of Different River Locations in Bangladesh: A Comparative Statistical Review. Asian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Research. 26(6), 43-67.
Saeed, S.M. (2020). A study on Factors Affecting Fish Production from Certain Fish Farms in the Delta. M. Sc. Thesis. Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Egypt, 223 Pp.
Sattari, M., Bibak, M., Bakhshalizadeh, S., Vajargah, M. F. (2020). Element Accumulations in Liver and Kidney Tissues of Some Bony Fish Species in the Southwest Caspian Sea. Journal of Cell and Molecular Research. 12(1),33-40. https://bit.ly/3iptQgy .
Sattari, M., Bibak, M., & Vajargah M.F. (2020). Evaluation of Trace Elements Contaminations in muscles of Rutilus kutum (Pisces: Cyprinidae) from the Southern Shores of the Caspian Sea. Environmental Health Engineering and Management Journal. 7(2), 89-96.
Sattari, M., Bibak, M., Vajargah, M.F. & Faggio C. (2020). Trace and major elements in muscle and liver tissues of Alosa braschnikowy from the South Caspian Sea and potential human health risk assessment. Journal of Materials and Environmental Science. 11(7),1129–1140. https://bit.ly/3AZ8L3L .
Sattari, M., Imanpour N. J., Bibak, M., Vajargah, M. F. & Mazareiy, M. H. (2020). Trace elements contamination in Alosa braschnikowi of the southern basins of Caspian Sea-Guilan Province. Journal of Animal Environment. 12(3),115–122. https://bit. ly/3uGm0UN
Sattari. M., Namin, J.I., Bibak, M., Vajargah M.F., Faggio C, & Haddad, M.S. (2019). Trace and Macro Elements Bioaccumulation in the Muscle and Liver Tissues of Alburnus chalcoides from the South Caspian Sea and Potential Human Health Risk Assessment. Journal of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering.,4(1),13-27. https://bit.ly/3meB1Jp.
Shahjahan, M., Taslima, K., Rahman, M.S., AlEmran, M., Alam, S.I. & Faggio, C. (2022). Effects of heavy metals on fish physiology–a review. Chemosphere. 300:134519.
Sowunmi, A. A. (2017). Fin-fishes in Yoruba Natural Healing Practices from Southwest Nigeria. J Ethnopharmacol. 113(1),72-8.
Sutunkova, M.P., Ryabova, Y.V., Minigalieva, I.A., Bushueva, T.V., Sakhautdinova, R.R. & Bereza, I.A. (2023). Features of the Response to Subchronic Low-dose Exposure to Copper oxide nanoparticles in rats. Sci Rep. 13(1),11890.
Tahir, U., Zameer, M., Ali, Q., Rafique, A., Ali, S.M.& Arif, M.U. (2023). Toxicity Assessment of Heavy Metal (Pb) and its Bioremediation by Potential Bacterial Isolates. Environ Monit Assess. 195(9),1047.
Taylor, A.A., Tsuji, J.S., Garry, M.R., McArdle, M.E., Goodfellow, W.L. Jr. & Adams, W.J. (2020). A Critical Review of Exposure and Effects: Implications for Setting Regulatory Health criteria for ingested copper. Environ Manage. 65(1),131–59.
Teugels G.G. (1986). A systematic revision of the African species of the genus Clarias (Pisces; Clariidae). Ann. Mus. r. Afr. Centr., 249, 199 p.
Torris, C., Småstuen, M.C. & Molin, M. (2018). Nutrients in fish and possible associations with cardiovascular disease risk factors in metabolic syndrome. Nutrients. 10(7), 952.
Trewavas E. (1983). Tilapiine Fishes of the Genera Sarotherodon, Oreochromis and Danakilia. British Museum (Natural History), London, 583 p.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (2021). Regional Screening Levels (RSLs) - Generic Tables. Available from: https://www.epa.gov/risk/regionalscreening-levels-rsls-generic-tables. Accessed 5 September 2024.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (2022). Basic Information about Lead in Drinking Water. Available from: https://www.epa.gov/ground-water-anddrinking-water/basic-information-about-lead-drinkingwater. Accessed 9 September 2024.
Uzairu, A., Harrison, G.F.S., Balarabe, M.L. & Nnaji, J.C. (2019). Concentration Levels of Trace Metals in fish and sediment from Kubanni River, Northern Nigeria. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 23(1), 9–17.
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